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["TERRELL'S ISLAND TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC PLANTS"]
["Present in 2000","Present in 2022","Common Name","Latin Name","Status","Description","2022 ADDITIONAL NOTES"]
[null,"X","American Bittersweet","Celastrus scandens (Calastraceae - Bittersweet Family)","NATIVE","Height:  Up to 20' twining, woody vine.  Habitat:  Full sun to part shade in dry to moderate soil, woodland edges, fields, prairies.  Barely noticeable flowers in May - June are about ¼\" across, have five green to whitish petals and five green sepals, with male and female flowers on separate plants.  Leaves are alternate, 2 - 4\" long and about half as wide, generally oblong-elliptic or sometimes widest above the middle, finely serrated around the edges, hairless, rounded or slightly tapered at the base, often with a long taper to the sharply pointed tip (acuminate), on a hairless stalk about ¾\" long.  Leaves turn yellow in fall.  Most prominent feature is hanging clusters of orange-red fruits that split open to show bright red-orange seed coats in autumn.  Fruit is round, about ½\" in diameter, initially green, the outer casing turning orange to red in late summer, splitting open in fall to reveal the 3-sectioned, bright red, berry-like fruit inside. Fruits persist through winter.","A similar species, Asian Bittersweet,(Celastrus Orbiculatus, Celastrus Loeseneri)  is PROHIBITED in Wisconsin NR40"]
[null,"X","American Black Currant","Ribes americanum (Grossulariaceae - Gooseberry Famliy)","NATIVE","Height:  2 - 5' multi-stemmed shrub.  Habitat:  part shade, sun; moist; open woods, streambanks, swamps, wet meadows, ravines.  Dangling clusters of -to 3\" long yellow to grennish-white flowers arise from leaf axils of lateral branches, made up of 6 - 20 stalked flowers. Flowers are about ½\" long, generally bell-shaped, with five erect petals. Inside the tube are five creamy colored stamens that are about as long as the petals.  Flower stalks and bracts are covered in woolly hairs.  Leaves are 1 - 2\" long and about as wide, coarsely toothed, rounded to somewhat heart-shaped at the base, with 3 - 5 primary lobes that may be again shallowly lobed.  Veins are prominent and radiate from the base.  Leaf stalks are as long as or shorter than the blade and minutely hairy to variously covered in long, bent, feathery hairs.  The upper surface is medium to dark green, smooth to sparsely hairy and usually dotted with yellow glands, the lower surface paler and more densely hairy, especially along the veins, and is gland-dotted.  New twigs are green, hairy, and gland-dotted, becoming smooth and gray with winged ridges that eventually peel away.  Older stems are dark reddish with white lenticels (pores).  Stems are multiple from the base, little branched, erect to ascending or sometimes arching, and lack thorns or prickles.Fruit is a smooth, round berry up to 1/3\" diameter, ripening from green to reddish purple and finally black . Inside are many tiny seeds.","Also called Eastern Black Currant, Wild Black Currant"]
[null,"X","American Bugleweed","Lycopus uniflorus (Lamiaceae - Mint Family)","NATIVE","Height:  6 - 30\".  Habitat:  part shade, sun; moist soil; along shores, wet meadows.  Flowers bloom July - September with a small dense cluster of 1/8\" white flowers surrounding leaf axils along much of the plant; usually not all in a cluster are open at the same time.  Individual flowers are tubular with four spreading lobes of approximately equal size, sometimes the upper lobe is two-parted or merely notched. two purple-tipped stamens extend out of the tube. The calyx has five broadly triangular lobes, sharply pointed at the tips and shorter than the floral tube.  Leaves are up to 3\" long and 1\" wide, hairless or minutely hairy, coarsely toothed around the edges, generally lance-elliptic, pointed at the tip, wedge-shaped at the base, on a short stalk. Attachment is opposite with leaf pairs at right angles to the pair above and below.  Stems are square, hairless or minutely hairy, and unbranched.  Fruit is a set of four nutlets forming a square, each nutlet containing a single seed. ","Also called northern bugleweed, northern water horehound, slender bugleweed, one-flower bugleweed"]
["          X","X","American Elm","Ulmus americana (Ulmaceae - Elm Family)","NATIVE","Height: Up to 80 - 120'  Habitat:  Floodplains and hardwood swamps. The elliptical leaves of the American elm are double toothed and grow to 6\"  long and 3\" wide. Leaves are alternate with the veins displaying a distinct herringbone pattern.  American elm is in flower from March through May before the leaves develop.  Seeds are enclosed in a thin paper-like wafer with hairy edges and a deep notch at the top.  Mature bark is dark gray and ridged including areas that are somewhat diamond shaped.  Dutch elm disease, an introduced fungus, has destroyed many American Elms throughout North America.  "]
["X","X","American Germander","Teucrium canadense  (Lamiaceae -Mint Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 3'  Habitat:  Marshes, moist woods, and thickets. Flowers from June - October.  It has an erect, square stem that is finely haired. The lance-shaped leaves are opposite and have short stalks. They are also toothed and have a hairy undersurface.  Flowers are purplish-pink to cream and are clustered on a terminal spike.  The lower lip has a large lobe.  ","Also called Wood Sage."]
["X","X","American Lotus","Nelumbo lutea  (Nelumbonaceae - Lotus-Lily Family)","NATIVE","Height: Leaves can be up to 3' above water.  Habitat:  Ponds and quiet waters. The American lotus is an emergent, but can be floating, and flowers July through August. The leaves are 1 - 2' wide and attached to the stalk in the middle. They are unnotched, bluish-green and depressed in the middle, resembling a funnel. Water beads up across the surface of the leaf if pushed below the surface. The pale-yellow flowers, which emerge from a stalk, are 6 - 18\" wide with numerous petals and petal-like sepals. Sepals and petals surround a central structure that resembles a showerhead. The central structure has numerous cavities that contain the pistillate flowers.  It becomes dry and woody later in the season. ","Also called Duck Acorns, Water Chinkapin, Yonkapin, Yockernut, Pondnut, Swamp Rattles, Watering Can, Monocanut, Alligator Buttons and Rattle Nut.  "]
[null,"X","American Plum","Prunus americana (Rosaceae - Rose Family)","NATIVE","Height:  Up  to 35'.  Habitat:  Sun, part sun or shade in moist, rich, well-drained loams.   A thicket-forming shrub or small tree with short trunk, many spreading branches, broad crown, fragrant, showy large white flowers in flat-topped clusters before leaves in spring, and shiny, bright red plums in August or September.. Short, crooked trunks, with scaly, black bark, support a graceful, open crown.  Fall foliage ranges from electric red to pale yellow."]
["X","X","American Vetch","Vicia Americana  (Fabaceae - Pea Family)","NATIVE","Height:  1 - 3' vine.  Two to nine pink to purple to blue flowers in loose clusters (racemes) arise from leaf axils in the upper part of the stem. Individual flowers are a typical shape for a member of the pea family, slightly elongated, ½ - ¾\" long.  The calyx holding the flower is hairless to minutely hairy, with five broadly triangular lobes, the lower lobes up to twice as long as the short upper lobes, and all rather shorter than the calyx tube. Flower stalks are minutely hairy. Leaves are compound with 4 - 8 pairs of leaflets and a tendril at the end of the leaf that winds around other plants for support.  At the base of the stalk is a pair of leafy appendages (stipules) that are up to 1/3\" long, sharply pointed at both ends, with three sharp teeth in the lower half. Leaflets are narrowly egg-shaped to oblong-elliptic and may have rounded, blunt or pointed tips. Each is up to 1½\" long and about ¼: wide, toothless and hairless, becoming smaller towards the end of the leaf.  Stems are angled, hairless, and branched.  Fruit is a pea-shaped pod, about 1\" long, that turns from green to reddish brown as the fruit ripens.  Pods contain an average of 10 seeds.","Also called Purple Vetch."]
[null,"X","American Wild Mint","Mentha Canadensis  (Mentha - Mint Family)","NATIVE","Height:  4 - 32\".  Habitat:  wet areas, meadows, shores and streambanks.  Upright plant with hairy stems bearing opposite pairs of leaves.  Each leaf is borne on a short stalk and has a wedge-shaped base and is lanceolate or ovate, with a toothed margin and a hairy surface.  Leaves grow opposite from each other.  Flower bunches appear at the upper leaf axil July - August as dense whorls of tiny, white, pale pink, or lavender, bell-shaped flowers nearly hidden by the opposite leaves in hairy leaf axils on the square stems of a branched, minty-smelling plant.  The four-lobed and nearly symmetrical clusters of flowers along the stem distinguish this so-called true mint from many others that have flowers in slender spikes at the stem tips or in upper axils.  Fruits are dry and split open when ripe releasing the two seeds.","Also called Canada mint, field mint, corn mint, American cornmint, brook mint."]
[null,"X","Arrowwood Viburnum","Viburnum dentatum (Caprifoliaceae - Honeysuckle Family)","NATIVE","Height:  3-10' tall and wide.  Habitat:  Shade, partial shade, full sun in mosit soil along wood margins, open woods and along streambanks.  The plant has slender, downy twigs with ridges and gray/brown bark.  Its buds are small, green-brown, and glossy.  Deciduous leaves are dark green, shiny, and oval with jagged edges. In the fall, they turn yellow or red. Flowers are creamy-white, emerge in early summer, and will turn into ¼” blue-black berry-like fruit known as a drupe maturing from August to November. The flowers arranged in flat-topped clusters are not scented. "]
["X","X","Aster spp.","Aster spp.  (Asteraceae or Compositae Aster Family)","NATIVE","Height: Up to 5'  Habitat: Fields, roadsides,wet thickets and meadows.  Asters are a late summer and fall flower which bloom August - October.  Numerous ray flowers range from white (some with a lavender tinge) to a bright lavender, purplish color with a yellow disk flower.  Flower heads may be along the branches or terminal.  Leaves are lance-shaped and often very small near the top and reach 4 - 6\" near the bottom.  Leaves may be toothed or untoothed.  Basal leaves do not persist through the growing season. Stems are often woody at the base and branching near the top.  Each individual aster species often varies in color, size and leaf form making identification difficult.  Asters also hybridize making them even more difficult to distinguish.  ","Aster species found in 2022 include                                  white heath aster (Symphyotrichum ericoides)             calico aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum)               panicled aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum)                frost aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum).."]
[null,"X","Autumn Olive","Elaeagnus umbellata (Elaeagnaceae - Oleaster Family)","INVASIVE","Height:  6 - 20'. Usually a bit taller than it is wide.  Habitat:  Distrubed areas, roadsides, open woods, forest edges, fencerows, prairies, pastures,  Lleaves are dark green on top and silvery-white underneath.  In late spring, fragrant, cream to yellow, ½\" trumpet-shaped flowers bloom in the leaf axils, followed by slightly egg-shaped silver-speckled red berries.  Young stems are speckled silvery or golden brown and sometimes have thorns.  Older stems are light gray to brownish in color.  Spreads rapidly due to prolific fruiting – up to 200,000 seeds per year from one shrub. Creates heavy shade thus making conditions unfavorable for native plants that need direct sunlight.  Its roots add nitrogen to the soil, making conditions even more unfavorable for native plants which generally prefer infertile soils.  In addition high nitrogen conditions promote the growth of weedy non-natives.   When autumn olive grows along streambanks, it can increase stream water nitrate concentrations. ","Listed as RESTRICTED in Wisconsin NR40.  Also called oleaster, silverberry, spreading oleaster, Japanese silverberry.  "]
["X","X","Barnyard Grass","Echinochloa crus-galli  (Poaceae - Grass Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: up to 4.5'   Habitat:  Ditches and waste places.  Barnyard grass is an annual with an erect, thick stem that flowers from July - September. The leaves are smooth, lack hairs, and the basal part of the leaves are ridged longitudinally.  The sheaths, lower part of leaf that encloses the stem, may possess a tuft of short hairs along the base.  The flowers form a green to purple branching panicle.  The seeds on the spikelet are brown with a barb and have a long terminal bristle.  ","While not invasive on Terrell's Island, probably due to compietion from other invasive plants, barnyard grass is an invasive agricultural weed.  Also called cockspur,cockspur grass, barnyard millet, Japanese millet, water grass, common barnyard grass,"]
[null,"X","Bebb's Willow","Salix bebbiana  (Salicaceae - Willow Family)","NATIVE","Height:  4 - 25'.  Habitat:  part shade, sun; moist to wet; swamps, shores, wetland edges, thickets, seeps, swales, wet meadows, wet ditches.  Leaves are alternate, 1 - 3\" long, up to 1¼\" wide, 2 - 3 times as long as wide, generally elliptic, widest at or above the middle, mostly pointed at the tip, wedge-shaped to somewhat rounded at the base, toothless or with shallow, rounded teeth around the edges. The upper surface is medium to dark green, the lower surface pale gray-green. At the base of the leaf stalk is a pair of small, leaf-like appendages (stipules) that are jagged to pointed across the tip edge, but are mostly absent on early leaves.  New leaves are moderately to densely covered in white hairs on both surfaces and often red-tinged, becoming somewhat less hairy with maturity.  Both surfaces show a network of prominent veins, indented on the upper surface and raised on the lower.  New branchlets are hairy and green, becoming reddish and sometimes hairless the second year.  Stems have thin, smooth, gray bark, with multiple stems in a fairly tight clump.  Older, mature trunks develop furrowed, dark gray bark and can reach 8+\" in diameter.  Male and female flowers are on separate plants (dioecious) in spike-like clusters (catkins) at the tips of short branchlets along one year old branches, emerging with or just before the leaves.  Male catkins are 3/8 - 1+\" long, the flowers densely packed, each flower with two yellow-tipped stamens.  Female catkins are ¾ - 2¼\" long, the flowers loosely arranged, bulbous at the base with a long beak, covered in fine hairs, and on slender stalks to ¼ \" long.  At the base of each male and female flower stalk is a tiny, narrow, orange-brown to pinkish, scale-like bract that may have a few straight or curly hairs.","Also called beaked willow, long-beaked willow, gray willow, red willow, diamond willow, chaton"]
["X",null,"Bedstraw spp.","Galium aparine  (Rubiaceae - Bedstraw Family)","NATIVE","Height: Climbing and sprawling, 1 - 2'   Habitat:  Dry to moist woods, meadows and roadsides.  Bedstraw flowers June - August.  Simple white four-petlaed flowers arise in small clusters from the leaf axils on a separate stalk.   Lance-shaped leaves, with parallel veins, are whorled in fours, fives or sixes.  Bedstraw stems are often covered with bakcward hooked bristles that make the plant rough and clinging.  Fruit is dry and prickly.  ","Also called cleavers, catchweed, catchweed bedstraw, grip grass, stickywilly."]
["X","X","Bentgrass","Agrostis spp.   (Poaceae - Grass Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 1 - 3'  Habitat: part shade, sun; average to moist disturbed soil; meadows, prairies, fens, shores, river banks, open woods, floodplains. There are two groups of bentgrass in Wisconsin that have distinctive features, but can be difficult to determine. In general these species have slender stalks that can be either erect, or creeping. The panicles, flower structure with a main axis that can be compact or branching, are open and pyramidal in shape.  Open panicle 1½ - 4\" long, longer than wide, lance-elliptic to oblong in outline, the main branches spread to ascending at flowering time becoming more ascending to erect with maturity, and branchlets along nearly the full length of the branch. Spikelets (flower clusters) are single at branchlet tips, yellowish to purplish at flowering time, up to1/8\" long, and have a single floret.  Spikelets are purple to straw-colored when mature, the florets dropping away leaving the glumes behind persisting on the stalk. The grain is elliptic, less than 1/4\" long.  Fruiting season is July - September."]
["X","X","Birdfoot Trefoil","Lotus corniculatus  (Fabaceae - Pea Family)","INVASIVE","Height: 6 - 24\"  Habitat: Disturbed ground.  Birdfoot trefoil flowers from June - August. It has clover-like leaves that are compound with three leaflets. There are two leaf-like appendages at the base of the leaf stalk. The yellow pea-like flowers are arranged in a flat cluster at the top of the stem.   "]
["X","X","Bittersweet Nightshade","Solanum dulcamara  (Solanaceae -Nightshade Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 2 - 8'   Habitat:  Moist disturbed ground, marshes, thickets, and clearings.  Bittersweet nightshade is a climbing or trailing plant that flowers from June - September. The blue-violet flowers are drooping and star-shaped with a yellow center, which resembles a small beak. Leaves are 3.25\" long with two basal lobes.  The shiny, green berries turn red when fruit is mature.  Bittersweet nightshade is an introduced vine with poisonous berries. ","Other common names include deadly nightshade, bitter nightshade,  climbing nightshade,  climbing bittersweet, blue nightshade, European bittersweet, woody nightshade,  fellenwort, felonwood, poison berry, scarlet berry, shooting star, violetbloom"]
["X",null,"Black Medic","Medicago lupulina  (Leguminosae -Bean Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 1 - 12\"  Habitat:  Common in lawns, roadsides, and fields.  Black medic blooms May - September. It is a low clover-like plant with 2 - 3\"  branches which hold three double-lobed leaves and short spikes of yellow flowers.  Flowers produce a black kidney-shaped pod with one seed.  "]
["X",null,"Black Snakeroot","Sanicula gregaria  (Apiaceae - Parsley Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 3'  Habitat:  Medium to dry open woods.  Flowers June - July with hardly noticeable green flowers.  Basal leaves are palmately divided into oblong leaflets, which are coarsely notched.  Fruit is a small, oval bur with hooked bristles..  "]
["X",null,"Black Walnut","Juglans nigra  (Juglandaceae - Walnut Family)","NATIVE","Height: Up to 70 - 100'.  Habitat: Full sun with moist, well-drained soil.   Leaves are alternate and pinnately compound growing to 12 - 24\" long.  Each leaf has 15 - 23 oblong, toothed leaflets that are smooth on the top and hairy underneath. Yellowish-green 1 1/2 - 2\"  spherical fruit is woody on the outside with a sweet, oily seed on the inside.  Bark of mature trees is dark brown to black and deeply furrowed. "]
["X","X","Bladderwort","Utricularia macrorhiza  (Lentibulariaceae - Bladderwort Family)","NATIVE","Height: 2 - 12\".   Habitat:  Quiet waters of lakes, rivers, and marshes.  Bladderwort is an aquatic, carnivorous, free-floating herb that flowers from June - August.  Highly dissected leaves are numerous and have bladders located throughout.  Flower stems are emergent and bear 6 - 20 bright yellow flowers. Flowers have two lips with a short spur. The small bladders capture small aquatic invertebrates by inflating.  Hairs trigger the inflation of the bladder, which causes the organism to be drawn in.  "]
["X","X","Blue Flag Iris","Iris versicolor  (Iridaceae - Iris Family)","NATIVE","Height: 2 - 3'  Habitat:  swamps, marshes, and along shorelines. Showy, blue-violet flowers bloom May - July.  Leaves are green to grayish, sword-shaped, and folded along the midrib.  Sepals are hairless and have a yellow spot at the base.  Petals flip upward around the stamens which creates an unusual shaped flower. "]
["X",null,"Blue Forget-me-not","Myositis scorpioides  (Boraginaceae  -Borage Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 1 - 2'  Habitat:  Wet soil, streambanks, and shallow water.  Sprawling plant flowers June - August.  Small, light blue flowers have a golden eye and bloom in clusters. Finely hairy stem has mostly stalkless and hairy oblong leaves. "]
["X","X","Blue Vervain","Verbena hastata  (Verbenaceae -Vervain Family)","NATIVE","Height: 3 - 6'.   Habitat:  Moist fields, meadows, marshes and along streams.  Flowers June - September. Erect, four-sided stem is rough and hairy. Leaves are opposite, lance-shaped, and toothed with rough hairs. Small, bright blue flowers with five flaring petals are arranged on numerous, slender clusters. "]
["X","X","Boneset","Eupatorium perfoliatum  (Asteraceae (Aster, Daisy, Composite or Sunflower Family)","NATIVE","Height: 2 - 4'.  Habitat:  Moist thickets, open grounds, and meadows. Coarsely haired plant flowers July - October. Erect stem bears opposite leaves that are joined together at the base, so the stem looks like it grows through them.  Leaves lance-shaped and finely toothed. White flowers are arranged on a flat-topped cluster. "]
["X",null,"Bottlebrush Sedge","Carex comosa  (Cyperaceae - Sedge Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 2'   Habitat:  Shallow marshes, lakeshores and stream edges, and bogs.  Bottlebrush sedge grows in small, dense patches.  It has a sharp triangular stem with M-shaped, bright green leaves, up to 1/3\" wide.  Three to six pistillate (male) spikelets are on short stalks, about 1 1/4 - 3\"  in length.  The spikelets that are lower on the stalk are drooping.  "]
["X","X","Box Elder","Acer negundo   (Aceraceae - Maple Family)","NATIVE","Height: Up to 50 - 75'.  Habitat:  Moist soils along streams, ponds, lakes, ditches, disturbed sites and abandoned agricultural fields.  Leaves are compound with 3  -7 coarsely toothed to shallowly lobed leaflets.  Young growth is green to purple with a waxy coating while mature bark is gray-brown and lightly ridged becoming deeply furrowed with age.  The greenish-yellow male flower (pistillate) and female flower (staminate) are on separate trees flowering April - May. V-shaped winged seeds 1 1/2 - 2\" long fall in September and October or remain on the branches through winter.  The rapid growing box elder is relatively short-lived. ","Although native to Wisconsin, box elder is considered a weed tree as it spreads prolifically."]
["X",null,"Broad-leaved Arrowhead","Sagittaria latifolia  (Alismataceae -Water Plantain Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 4'.  Habitat:  Saturated soils, shallow water along lake and stream edges, marshes, and swamps. This is an emergent plant that flowers July- August.  The stem is erect with arrowhead shaped leaves that vary from broad to narrow.  Flowers are on a naked stem in whorls with three green sepals and three white petals.  The rhizomes are attached to a tube, which are edible.  The tubers are valuable to wildlife, such as ducks and muskrats.  ","Also called duck potato, wapato, common arrowhead."]
[null,"X","Bulblet Bearing Water Hemlock","Circuta bulbifera (Apiaceae - Carrot Family)","NATIVE","Height:  1 - 4'.  Habitat:  sun; swamps, fens, along shores, in slow moving water.  Flowers with five notched white petals with greenish centers in flat clusters (umbels) about 2\" across arise from leaf axils and at the end of branching stems July - September.  Each cluster has about 15 groups (umbellets) of 1/8\"  flowers. Leaves are compound with three or more linear blade-like leaflets. Leaflets are up to 3\" long, less than 1/8\" wide, and have irregular, widely spaced teeth, or may be toothless.  Stems are branched, hollow and hairless.  Viable seed may not be produced. Tiny bulblets (propagules) form in the leaf axils in the upper part of the plant, and is where this species gets its common name.","Also called bulblet water hemlock, bulbous water hemlock, bulbous cowbane, bulb-bearing water-hemlock"]
[null,"X","Bulbous Bittercress","Cardamine bulbosa (Brassicaceae - Mustard Family)","NATIVE","Height:  8\" - 2'.  Habitat:  part shade, sun; moist to wet; low woods, seeps, wet meadows, streambanks.  Flowers April - June with an elongated cluster of white flowers on slender stalks at the top of the plant and arising from leaf axils in the upper plant.  Flowers are about ½\" across, have four white petals with rounded tips and six creamy white to pale yellow stamens in the center. The four sepals behind the flower are much shorter than the petals, pale greenish white around the edges. Flower stalks and sepals are all hairless.  There are both basal and alternate stem leaves. Basal and lower stem leaves are ¾ - 2\" long, oval, round to kidney shaped, hairless, on a stalk usually longer than the leaf blade. The edges may be toothed, scalloped, or toothless, and are often wavy.  The 2 - 4 stem leaves are typically widely spaced and become less round, proportionately longer and narrower as they ascend the stem, the uppermost leaves stalkless and more generally oblong, longer than the basal leaves and the edges toothless or with a few irregular teeth.  Stems are hairless or sparsely hairy and mostly unbranched except near the flowers.  Fruit is a straight, linear, flattened pod about 1\" long, the stalks ascending to spreading and the pods mostly ascending.","Also called spring cress."]
["X",null,"Bull Thistle","Cirsium vulgare  (Asteraceae - Daisy, Composite, Aster, Sunflower Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 2 - 6'.  Habitat:  Disturbed ground, pastures, marshes, and roadsides. Flowers June-h September.  Flowers are 1.5 - 2\" wide with numerous purple, disk flowers.  Spiny, yellow-tipped bracts surround the flowers. Stem is very spiny with long, coarsely lobed leaves that are also very spiny.  The leaves are green above and paler, with hair underneath.  ","Also called common thistle."]
["X","X","Butter and Eggs","Linaria vulgaris  (Scrophulariaceae (Snapdragon Family)","INVASIVE","Height: 1 - 3'.  Habitat:  Roadsides and waste areas.  Flowers June through September. Unbranching stems bear alternate, narrow, gray-green leaves on the upper portion and opposite, or whorled on the lower portion of the stem.  Yellow flowers are clustered together on a terminal spike. They have five sepals and five petals that are fused to form two yellow lips with an orange ridge.  The lower lip has a spur at the base.  ","While not listed in Wisconsin NR40, butter and eggs is listed an an invasive non-regulated plant by the DNR.  Also called yellow toadflax and wild snapdragon."]
[null,"X","Buttonbush","Cephalanthus occidentalis (Madder family)","NATIVE","Height:  4-6' woody shrub.  Fragrant honey-scented balls of fuzzy white flowers in summer.  Ball-like fruits persist over winter.  Sun/light shade.  Average and moist soils.","Attracts at least 13 butterfly species.  Bees eat the seeds.  Only two buttonbush plants have been found on Terrell's Island on the breakwall trail."]
["X",null,"Canada Bluejoint Grass","Calamagrostis canadensis  (Poaceae - Grass Family)","NATIVE","Height: 25 - 40\".  Habitat:  Common throughout; usually on moist ground.  Bluejoint grass is a perennial that flowers from June- August. It has an erect stem that arises from creeping rhizomes (a creeping underground stem). The flowers arise on a panicle (flower cluster) with a main axis that is divided into branches, which can range from dense to loose.  The panicle is branching when flowering.  A distinctive feature is a tuft of hair at the base of the lemma which has a straight bristle. A lemma is two greatly reduced specialized leaves that enclose the flower.  "]
[null,"X","Canada Anemone ","Anemone canadensis (Ranunculaceae - Buttercup Family)","NATIVE","Height:  1 - 2'.  Habitat:  part shade, sun; moist fields, thickets, along shores.  Flowers May - July with 1 - 3 long-stalked flowers at the top of the stem, sometimes with a pair of leaf-like bracts about midway up a stalk. Flowers are 1 - 1½\" across, five white petal-like sepals and a ring of numerous yellow-tipped stamens surrounding a small, green center.  Flower stalks are hairy.  Leaves are deeply divided into 3 - 5 wedge-shaped lobes, the lobes further divided and with pointed tips, the edges coarsely toothed and surfaces finely hairy. The 1 - 5 basal leaves are long-stalked, generally round in outline and 3 - 6\" long.  At the top of the stem is a whorl of three stalkless leaves, about 5\" in diameter and similar in shape to the basal leaves. The long flower stalks arise from the center of the whorl. Stems are erect and sparsely hairy.  Fruit is a round cluster of flattened, generally oval, beaked seeds."]
["X","X","Canada Thistle","Cirsium arvense  Asteraceae (Aster Family)","INVASIVE","Height: 1 - 5'.  Habitat:  pastures, roadsides, and waste places. Flowers June - September.  Leaves are long, lanceolate, and deeply lobed with many spines. Leaves are usually stalkless on the branched, smooth stem.  Flower heads are wide and disk-like.  Pink to lavender flowers are surrounded by spine-tipped bracts. ","Listed as RESTRICTED in Wisconsin NR40. "]
["X","X","Catnip","Nepeta cataria  (Lamiaceae - Mint Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 1 - 3'.  Habitat:  Disturbed ground and pastures.  Catnip flowers July - August.  It has a branching stem with opposite leaves. The leaves are triangular, toothed, and are also covered by soft hairs.  Pale white flowers are clustered together on a spike that arises at the top of the branches.  The flower is two-lipped and tubular with purple spots.  "]
["X","X","Cattails - Broad Leaved and Narrow Leaved.","Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia (Typhaceae - Cattail Family)","NATIVE","Height:  3 - 9'.  Habitat:  freshwater wetlands in deep marshes to open bogs in 6\" - 2' of water often forming dense mats..  Emergent plants flower May- July. Narrow-leaved cattail has dark green sword-like leaves 2/10 - 1/2\" wide.  Leaves are sheathed around one another at the base.  Flower looks like a hot dog on a stick.  The lower portion is a cylindrical spike 4 - 8\" long and 4/10 - 3/4\" thick of thousands of tightly packed femaile flowers.  The top of the female spike is separated from the male spike, often by 3/4\" of bare stem.  The male spike has thousands of anthern that shed pollen in the wind.  Broadleaved cattails are smililar, but leaves are 4/10 - 9/10\" wide and flatter.  Broad-leaved cattails have thicker female spikes at 3/4 - 1 1/4\".  There is no or very little space between the male and female spikes on the stem.","There are native and non-native cattail species.  They easily hybridize and are difficult to distringush.  All spread prolifically."]
["X",null,"Chicory","Cichorium intybus  (Asteraceae - Daisy, Composite, Aster, Sunflower Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 1 - 5'.  Habitat: Roadsides and disturbed ground.  Flowers June - October.  Stem is stiff, branching, and hollow.  Basal leaves are long and dandelion-like.  Stem leaves are alternate, coarsely toothed, and lanceolate.  The all ray, square tipped flowers are bright blue and arise in clusters of one to three on the stem. They are either sessile, or stalked in the axils of reduced leaves.  ","Also called coffee weed and blue daisy.  While chicory was not present on Terrell's Island in 2022, it does grow alongside Shubert Road before the property entrance."]
[null,"X","Clearweed","Pilea pumila (Urticaceae - Nettle Family)","NATIVE","Height:  4 -20\".  Habitat:  part shade, shade; moist shaded woods, wetlands, wooded shores.  Separate male and female flowers, both small and indistinct, green to pale yellow and densely packed in horizontally spreading, irregular panicles about 1\" long arising from leaf axils in the upper half of the plant, bloom July - September. Leaves are opposite, elliptical to egg-shaped, 1 - 5\" long, the tip pointed, the base rounded to wedge-shaped, on a stalk about half as long as the leaf blade.  Leaves are thin and somewhat translucent with three prominent veins from the base.  Surfaces are shiny with scattered short hairs on the upper surface.  Edges are toothed, sometimes double toothed.  Stems are sometimes branched but usually not, very fleshy and translucent, somewhat squarish, very smooth and shiny.  Fruit is a flattened, teardrop shaped seed, up to 1/16\" long and about half as wide as long.","Also called Canadian clearweed."]
[null,"X","Cocklebur","Xanthium strumarium (Asteraceae - Daisy, Composite, Aster, Sunflower Family)","NATIVE","Height:  1 - 4'.  Habitat:  sun; disturbed soils; waste areas, roadsides, fields, railroads, along shores.  Tight clusters of green to yellowish flower heads arising from leaf axils in the upper plant, with separate male and female flowers on the same plant.  Male flower heads are round, ¼ - ¾\" across, on short stalks at the tip of the cluster, with 20 or more flowers per head each with a creamy white stamen.  Female flower heads are oval-oblong, ¾ - 1½\" long, stalkless or nearly so, positioned below the males in the same cluster.  At the tip of the female head are (usually) two flowers: short, cone-shaped projections from which the styles emerge.  The rest of the female head is a receptacle covered in stiff bracts, sparsely covered in white hairs and each with a spreading, hooked bur at the tip.  Leaves are mostly alternate, sometimes opposite in the lower plant, somewhat variable in size and shape, 1½ - 8\" long, often nearly as wide, broadly lance to triangular to somewhat heart-shaped in outline, typically with 3 - 5 lobes. Edges are coarsely toothed and/or shallowly lobed and often wavy, surfaces are rough textured, sometimes glandular.  Leaf stalks are up to 6\" long with scattered short, appressed hairs.  Stems are mostly erect, often much branched, round to weakly angled or ribbed, rough textured from minute hairs, and green to purplish typically with darker purplish spots.  The female receptacle persists and hardens into a stiff capsule, turning brown at maturity and persisting through winter. Inside are usually two oblong seeds.","Cocklebur has been observed on Terrell's Island along the breakwall (Kachur) trail.  To date, it has been removed whenever it is found.  Although it is a native species it can become invasive.  The burrs are extemely painful to the touch for both pets and people."]
["X","X","Common Buckthorn","Rhamnus cathartica  (Rhamnaceae - Buckthorn Family)","INVASIVE","Height: Up to 15 - 20'.  Habitat:  Upland and wetland habitats.  Elliptic leaves are opposite and finely toothed, 1 1/2 - 3\" long.  Lateral leaf veins are curved reaching the upper portion of the leaf.  Leaves often opposite with some alternate.  Small clusters of flowers and black berries appear with the leaves on the female plant.  Twigs are often spiny with some branches ending as thorns.  Scraping the bark exposes orange heartwood.","Listed as RESTRICTED in Wisconsin NR40"]
["X","X","Common Bugleweed","Lycopus americanus  (Lamiaceae - Mint Family)","NATIVE","Height: 2 - 7\".  Habitat: Marshes, wet meadows, poorly drained fields, and ditches. Flowers July - September. Square stems are erect with opposite, lobed, stalked leaves.  Leaves are also toothed and hairy underneath. Small clusters of white flowers arise In the leaf axils ","Also called cut-leaved water horehound, American bugleweed."]
["X","X","Common Burdock","Arctium minus  (Asteraceae - Daisy, Composite, Aster, Sunflower Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 1 - 5'.  Habitat:  Disturbed land, roadsides, waste areas, and neglected farmyards. Flowers July - October . It has an erect stem with large, 1 1/2 - 2' long, heart-shaped basal leaves.  Leaves are dark green and hairy underneath. Leaves get smaller as they reach the top of the plant.  The pink-lavender flowers occur in prickly heads.  Ball-like fruits appear from late August on.  Seeds are comprised of hook-like spines that will readily attach to any surface that may brush up against them. "]
["X","X","Common Bur-reed","Sparganium eurycarpum  (Sparganiaceae - Bur-reed Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 2'.  Habitat:  Ponds and lakeshores, shallow water, and wet substrates . Bur-reed is an emergent plant flowering June - July.  It has an erect stem with wide leaves that are strongly keeled so they feel like a flat triangle in cross-section. The flowers are ball-shaped (heads). The female (staminate) flowers are above the male flowers (pistillate).  Flowers have zigzag branches and the female heads form bur-like green masses of seed-like fruit when mature.  "]
["X","X","Common Dandelion","Taraxacum officinale  (Asteraceae (Sunflower, Daisy, Composite Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 2 - 18\".  Habitat:  fields and waste places; common everywhere.  Flowers April - September. Yellow, ray flowers are solitary on a slender stalk that secretes a milky juice. Lobed basal leaves are deeply and irregularly toothed.  When the fruit cluster is mature it becomes silky with each seed having a long white bristly extension.  "]
["X","X","Common Dodder","Cuscuta gronovii  (Cuscutaceae  -Dodder Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height:  Climbing and twining.  Habitat: Moist ground.  A parasitic plant that flowers August - October.  Stems are yellow to bright orange, thread-like, with leaves reduced to scales.  Small white flowers are waxy in appearance and to the touch.  Flowers are bell-shaped and in dense clusters.  "]
[null,"X","Common Dogmustard","Erucastrum gallicum (Brassicaceae - Mustard Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height:  1 - 2'.  Habitat:  part shade, sun; disturbed soils; agricultural fields, roadsides, waste areas, railroads, gravel pits, shores.  Flowers June - September with elongating clusters of stalked flowers at the top of the plant and the ends of branching stems, with a small cluster of a few to several flowers blooming at the tip and fruit forming below.  Flowers are pale yellow to nearly white, ¼ to 1/3\" across, the four petals rounded, spatula shaped, narrowed at the base, the tip half widely spreading.  In the center are six yellow stamens and a short style.  Leaves are deeply divided, oblong or widest near the tip (oblanceolate) in outline, pinnately lobed with 3 - 10 major lobes per side, the lobes mostly narrow, the edges shallowly lobed and rounded or angled at lobe tips, and the terminal lobe largest.  Basal and lower leaves are 1 - 11\" long, 1/3 - 4\" wide, becoming smaller as they ascend the stem. Surfaces and leaf stalks are sparsely covered in stiff, curved, appressed white hairs.  Stems are branched or not, erect to ascending, and sparsely to moderately covered in stiff, curved, appressed white hairs.  Fruit is a smooth, slender, 4-sided pod, ¾ - 1½\" long with a short beak at the tip.  Fruit stalks are ascending with the pods straight to slightly curved upward and seeds arranged in one row.  Seeds are reddish brown, 1 - 1.5 mm long, and have slight honeycomb texture."]
["X","X","Common Fleabane","Erigeron philadelphicus  (Asteraceae (Aster, Daisy, Composite, Sunflower Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 3'.  Habitat:  Wet woods, shores, and fields.  Flowers May - August.  Stems are erect, slender and hairy. Flowers are small, 3/10 - 8/10\" wide, with numerous white to pink ray flowers. Hairy, basal leaves are oblong and toothed.  Leaves that are scattered above the basal leaves are stalkless and mostly untoothed.  ","Also called Philadelphia fleabane."]
["X","X","Common Milkweed","Asclepias syriaca  (Asclepiadaceae -Dogbane Family)","NATIVE","Height: 2 -5'.  Habitat:  Disturbed areas such as waste fields, meadows, and roadsides.  Blooms June - August.  Two-inch round flower clusters arise from leaf axils in the upper plant.  Individual flowers are ½\" across with a five parted crown and five downward-curved petals.  Flower color ranges from dull pale pink to deep mauve, the tips of the star-shaped crown often cream colored.  Leaves are oval reaching 4 - 10\" in length.  Flowers give way to seedpods that are rough textured and which break open exposing many seeds covered with silky-haired parachutes.  Milkweed has a bitter, milky sap in its stem.  Monarch butterflies use milkweed as their sole source of food.  Milkweed is noxious to birds and other insects causing monarch butterfly larvae and adult butterflies to be toxic for its predators. Milkweed bugs and milkweed beetles also use milkweed as their main food source.   ","Sullivant's Milkweed is also found on Terrell's Island.  It is similar to common milkweed, except that the leaf veins are pink and the seed pods are smoother."]
[null,"X","Common Mugwort","Artemisia vulgaris  (Asteraceae - Aster famlily)","INVASIVE","Height:  1.5 - 6.5'. Habitat:  part shade, sun; disturbed soil; waste areas, roadsides, disturbed natural areas.  Flowers bloom July - October and are numerous, arising in short, erect racemes or branching clusters (panicles) in the upper leaf axils. The flower heads are small and indistinct, 1/8 inch across, petal-less, short stalked or stalkless, egg shaped, erect to drooping. Flower parts are yellow to reddish brown, with 7 to 10 pale yellow, thread-like pistils extending out from the center. Bracts, stalks and stems are light green from frosty hairs.  Leaves are 1 to 4½ inches long, up to 3 inches wide, deeply divided into finger-like, wedge or spatula-shaped lobes along the central vein; the lobes may be coarsely toothed but are more often toothless. Lower leaves are stalked, often with 1 or 2 small lobes at base. Upper leaves are smaller, often undivided, and more linear in the flower clusters. Upper leaf surface dark green and smooth, lower surface white from short, dense matted hairs. The leaves give off a pungent aromatic odor when crushed. Stems are multiple from the ground, mostly smooth and unbranched in the lower plant, often reddish colored, becoming much branched with short, matted hairs in the flower cluster.","Though not listed in NR40, mugwort is invasive on the Terrell's Island breakwall trail east of the carp gate bridge to the point where the trail is almost impassable."]
["X","X","Common Mullein","Verbascum thapsus  Scrophulariaceae - Snapdragon Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 2 - 6'.  Habitat:  Fields, roadsides, and disturbed ground . Flowers June - September.  Yellow flowers are packed tightly on a spike that extends beyond the leaves.  Flowers have five petals and are about .8\" wide. Light green leaves are stalked with basal leaves growing to 12\") or more. Upper leaves are smaller and unstalked.  The leaves have many woolly hairs that are velvety to the touch.  The stem is also woolly. "]
["X","X","Common Plantain","Plantago major  (Plantaginaceae -Plantain Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 6 - 18\".  Habitat:  Disturbed ground, roadsides, and fields.  Flowers June - October.  Tiny 1/10\" are clustered together on a narrow, green-white spike.  Basal leaves are broadly oval to elliptic, thick and leathery.  ","Also called white man's footprint"]
["X","X","Common Ragweed","Ambrosia artemisiifolia  (Asteraceae Aster, Dairy, Composite, Sunflower Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 3'.  Habitat:  Roadsides, waste areas, and meadows.  Flowers August - October.  Erect, branching stems have rough hairs and mostly alternate leaves.  Leaves are highly dissected and are hairy to smooth.  Small, green and yellow flowers are clustered on an elongated spike.  Male flowers are yellow and are arranged in clusters at the top of the plant. The female flowers are green and arise in clusters at the leaf axils.  ","Also called hay fever weed."]
["X",null,"Common Waterweed","Elodea canadensis (Hydrocharitaceae - Frogbit Family) ","NATIVE","Height: submerged, 3'.  Habitat : Beneath the surface of lakes and ponds.  Slender stem and shallow roots. The leaves are lance-shaped and whorled in threes around the stem becoming more crowded as they reach the top of the stem.  The male and female flowers are on separate plants.  Female flowers are white and float on the surface.  Pollination occurs when the anthers release their pollen at the water surface.  "]
["X",null,"Coontail","Ceratophyllum demersum  (Ceratophyllaceae - Hornwort Family)","NATIVE","Height: Submerged, 6 - 10'.  Habitat:  Beneath the surface of quiet waters. Trailing stems lacks true roots.  It is secured to the sediment by modified leaves. The small, spiny leaves are branching and arranged in whorls. They are brittle, forked, and become crowded at the tip, thus giving it an appearance of a tail. The flowers arise in the axils of the leaves, and the male and female flowers are located on separate plants . Pollination occurs underwater; pollen is released at the surface and floats down through the water.  ","Also called hornwort."]
["X",null,"Creeping Bentgrass","Agrostis stolonifera  (Poaceae - Grass Family)","INVASIVE","Height: 1 - 3'.    Habitat:  Marshes, stream and lakeshores, ditches, and wet open areas.  Creeping bentgrass is a perennial that flowers June - September. This grass creeps along by stolons, a horizontal stem just below or at ground level.  The flowers are located on a narrow panicle, flower cluster with a main axis that is divided into branches, which close after flowering.  A distinctive feature is the glume, a pair of greatly reduced, modified leaves at the base of the spikelet, which conceals the florets. The lemma, a pair of modified leaves below the glume, does not possess a bristle.  ","Also called redtop. Although invasive, creeping bentgrass is not listed in Wisconsin NR40."]
[null,"X","Creeping Charlie","Glechoma hederacea (Lamiaceae - Mint Family)","INVASIVE","Groundcover famliliar to many homeowners as a lawn weed.  Creeping Charlie produces bright green, round or kidney-shaped leaves that have scalloped edges. The leaves are produced opposite each other on square (four-sided), creeping stems that root at the nodes. In spring, small, bluish-purple, funnel-shaped flowers appear. When the plant is crushed, it produces a strong mint-like odor. ","Not regulated by Wisconsin NR40, but listed as CAUTION. Found trailside.  Also called ground ivy."]
[null,"X","Creeping Jenny","Lysimichia nummularia (Primulaceae - Primrose Family)","INVASIVE","Height:  Groundcover with stems up to 2' long.  Simple round, shiny leaves with opposite leaf arrangement.  Stems are smooth, low-growing and trailing.  Stems branch frequently to form mat-like growth.  Small yellow flowers are marked with deep red blotches.  Five-petaled flowers are born individually on leaf axils.  Flowers bloom June to August.","Also called moneywort, creeping Joan, running Jenny, wandering Jenny, wandering sailor.  Listed as RESTRICTED in Wisconsin NR40."]
["X","X","Curly Dock","Rumex crispus  (Polygonaceae -(Buckwheat Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 2 - 4'.  Habitat:  Fields and disturbed ground.  Reddish-green  flower clusters long, branching stalks appear July - September.  Leaves have wavy margins and are oblong to lanceolate. The fruit is brown and seed- like enclosed by wings at the margins.  "]
["X","X","Daisy Fleabane","Erigon annus  (Asteraceae - Aster, Sunflower, Daisy, Composite Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 5'  Habitat:  Disturbed ground, fields, and roadsides. Flowers June - September. Erect hairy stems give rise to many flower heads.  Flowers are white to pale pink and the ray flowers are short in comparison to the yellow disk flowers.  Leaves are hairy and sharply toothed.  Lower leaves are broader and more egg-shaped.   "]
[null,"X","Devil's Beggarticks","Bidens frondosa  (Asteraceae - Aster, Daisy, Sunflower, Composite Family)","NATIVE","Height:  1 - 3'.  Habitat:  part shade, sun; along shores, wet ditches, wet fields, disturbed soil.  Brownish green to yellow flowers bloom July to October and are sually single, sometimes two or three stalked flower heads at the end of branching stems. Flowers are petal-less, have a yellow-orange center disk about ½\" long and ¾\" wide made up of tiny five-lobed disk flowers. Inner bracts surrounding the disk are all equal in size, generally egg- shaped.  Sparsely set about the flower head are 5 - 12 green, conspicuously long, narrowly spatula-shaped leafy outer bracts of unequal sizes, conspicuously hairy around the edges. Flower stalks are slender and up to 6\" long.  Leaves are compound in groups of three or five. Leaflets are 2 - 4\" long, ½ - 1\" wide, on a slender stalk with the terminal leaflet predominant.  Leaflets are lance shaped, tapered sharply at the tip and narrowing more abruptly at the base, sharply toothed around the edges, undersides with short soft hairs. Stems are erect and branched, mostly smooth and may have a purplish color.  Seed heads are round, larger than flower disks, covered in flat, dark brown seeds.  Seeds are ¼ = 1/3\" long with two barbed awns at the top that catch fur or fabric to disburse seeds.","Also called leafy beggarticks, devil's pitchfork"]
["X","X","Eastern Cottonwood","Populus deltoides (Salicaceae - Willow Family)","NATIVE","Height: Up to 80 - 100'.  Habitat:  Prefers moist soils along stream and riverbanks and the perimeter of wetlands. Leaves are roughly triangular in shape with coarsely toothed margins and approximately 3 - 6\" long and 4 - 5\" wide attached with a flattened stem. Upper side of leaves are bright green; undersides are somewhat pale. Younger branches are smooth and greenish yellow; bark of mature trees is dark gray and furrowed.  The short, 1/4\" spiked flower contains many minute cottony seeds which are easily dispersed. "]
["X","X","Eastern Marsh Fern","Thelypteris palustris  (Thelypteridaceae - Marsh Fern Family)","NATIVE","Height:  6 - 30\".  Habitat:  Wet meadows; along ditches and streams.  Marsh fern is a thin, green, and delicate plant that produces leaves throughout the summer. The stalk of the sterile leaf is slender, smooth, pale green, but black at the base.  Leaves are lance-shaped and are wider at the base. The fertile leaves are more erect and have a longer stalk.  Leaflets of the sterile stalk are lance-shaped and cut close to the center vein into about twelve lobes that are untoothed.  The leaflets are opposite at the base, becoming alternate toward the top.  Fertile leaflets are more narrow and the margins curve over the spores.  The spores are slightly hairy and are clustered along the center vein of the upper leaflets.  ","Also called marsh fern, northern marsh fern."]
["X","X","Elderberry","Sambucus canadensis  (Caprifoliaceae - Honeysuckle Family)","NATIVE","Height: 3 - 12'.  Habitat:  Low grounds, wet areas, and borders of fields. Multi-stemmed shrub shrub flowers June - August.  Flat to dome-shaped clusters of white flowers  3 - 10\"  in diameter appear at the tips of branches.  Flowers are about ¼\" across, white with 5 rounded petals and 5 creamy white-tipped stamens surrounding a pale, round ovary in the center, a tiny 3 to 5-parted stigma at the top. Flower stalks are smooth and light green, turning purplish in fruit.  Smooth, branching stems have a white pith and prominent lenticils. Leaves are opposite, pinnately compound, with 5 - 11 lance-shaped toothed leaflets. The small flowers occur in flat, white clusters.  The fruit, when mature, are drooping, purplish-black berries that hang in clusters.  "]
["X","X","Evening Primrose","Oenothera biennis  (Onagraceae -Evening Primrose Family)","NATIVE","Height: 2 - 5'.   Habitat:  Open areas and roadsides.  Four-petaled, lemon-scented yellow flowers atop a slender floral tube appear June - September.  The large flowers open in the evening and close the following day by noon.  It has an erect, hairy stem that commonly has purple to red tinge.  Leaves are lance-shaped and slightly toothed.   "]
["X",null,"Fall Panicum","Panicum dichotomiflorum  (Poaceae - Grass Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 3'.  Habitat:  Waste ground and pond and stream banks.  Fall panicum is an annual that flowers July - October.  It has an erect, waxy-like stem with swollen nodes, where a leaf is or has been attached.  Leaf blades are smooth and glossy underneath.  The central vein of the leaf is light green to white. The lower part of the leaf that encloses the stem is smooth and has a purple tinge. The ligule, point where the leaf blade and sheath join, has a fringe of hair.  The seeds are located on a large, branching panicle (flower cluster with a main axis that is divided into branches). The spikelets (flower clusters) are straw-colored to purple and produce a single seed.  ","Also called ffall panicgrass, autumn millet and fall panicum "]
[null,"X","False Sunflower","Heliopsis helianthoides (Asteraceae - Aster, Sunflower, Daisy, Composite Family)","NATIVE","Height: 2 - 6'.  Habitat:  part shade, sun; prairies, along roads, railroads, edges of woods, thickets.  Blooms June - September with 1 - 15 stalked  flowers in a loose cluster at the top of the plant.  Flowers are 1½ - 3½\" across, with 10 - 18 pale yellow to orange-yellow petals (ray flowers) and a golden yellow to brownish cone-shaped center disk.  The center disk becomes a head of dark seeds that lack tufts of hair.  Leaves are up to 4½\" long and 3\" wide, somewhat egg-shaped, tapering to a pointed tip, with coarsely toothed to serrated edges and a leaf stalk up to about 1\" long. The color ranges from bright green to dark green. The texture is very rough and the edges can be wavy.  Stems are erect, typically branched and rough from short hairs..","Also called smooth oxeye, common oxeye, sunflower heliopsis."]
[null,"X","Field Bindweed","Convolvulus arvensis (Convulvulaceae - Morning Glory Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height:  Up to 6' vine.  Habitat:  moist soils in full sun.  Stalked funnel-shaped flowers are 1 - 2\" across, with 1 - 4 flowers arising from the leaf axils. Each flower is 5 petals fused together with a spot of yellow at the throat; petal color is white to pink.  Flowers bloom July -  September but each flower lasts only one day, opening on sunny mornings and closing in the afternoon.  Leaves are 1 -2\" long and up to 1\" across with smooth edges, alternately attached.  Leaves are typically arrowhead-shaped with a pointed tip, but are somewhat variable. Stems wrap around other plants for support.","Also called European bindweed, wild morning glory, perennial morning glory, smallflowered morning glory, devil's gut, man underground.  Terrell's Island hosts both Hedge Bindweed and Field Bindweed.  Both are prevalent on the breakwall trail, but compete with other invasive and native plants.  "]
["X","X","Field Horsetail","Equisetum arvense  (Equisetaceae -Horsetail Family)","NATIVE","Height: 12\".  Habitat:  Meadows, pastures, and roadsides.  Field horsetail is a perennial that grows by rhizomes (a creeping underground stem). There are two different kinds of stems, fertile and sterile. The fertile stems are whitish, succulent, and have a cone at the top. They have dark toothed sheaths, modified leaves that enclose the stem. The fertile stem dies after the spores are shed.  The sterile stem appears after the fertile stem has died off.  The green, hollow, erect stem is grooved.  Leaves are reduced to darkly tipped scales that are joined to the sheath.  There are many whorled stem branches that attach just below the sheath, at the nodes, where the leaf is attached.  ","Although native, horsetail has the potential to become invasive.  Also called scouring rush.  "]
[null,"X","Field Pennycress","Thlaspi avense (Brassiceae - Mustard Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height:  4 - 20\"  Habitat:  sun; roadsides, waste areas, fields, disturbed soil.  Flowers April - June with elongating clusters of stalked white flowers at the top of the plant and at the tips of branching stems arising from the upper leaf axils, with a densely packed, rounded cluster of open flowers at the tip and fruit forming below. Upper branches are often initially horizontal, becoming ascending. Individual flowers are about ¼\" across, with four oval petals and six yellowish green stamens, three on each side of the flat ovary. The four green sepals behind the flower have whitish edges.  There is a rosette of spatula shaped basal leaves that wilt away early. Stem leaves are 1 - 4\" long and up to 1\" wide, hairless, with irregular blunt teeth and a rounded or blunt point at the tip. The edges are often a little wavy. Leaves near the base of the plant may have short stems; those nearer the top are more clasping. Attachment is alternate. Stems are ribbed, hairless, and branched in the upper plant.  Fruit is a flat oval pod about ½\" long with a notch at the tip. It dries to a papery brown shell. Each side of the pod holds up to eight seeds."]
[null,"X","Floating Pondweed","Potamogeton natans (Potamogetonaceae - Pondweed Family)","NATIVE","Height:  2 - 4\"  Habitat:  part shade, sun; shallow to 8 feet deep water; lakes, ponds, streams, rivers.  Flowers June - September with a dense cylindrical spike held above the surface of the water, 1¾ - 3¾\" long at the tip of the stem and arising from the axils of floating leaves. Spikes have 6 - 10+ whorls of flowers, each flower with a four-parted style surrounded by four stamens, each stamen with a green, ladle-shaped, sepal-like appendage.  Both submersed and floating leaves are produced, more or less spirally arranged.  Floating leaves are firm, green, oval-elliptic to egg-shaped, 1½ - 4+\" long, 1 - 2\" wide, toothless, mostly heart-shaped at the base or sometimes rounded, pointed to rounded at the tip, with 17 - 37 veins flanking the midrib. The leaf stalk is usually much longer than the blade, bent at a 90° angle where it meets the blade, and is conspicuously pale just below the blade.  Submersed leaves are ascending to spreading, sometimes partially floating on the water's surface, linear, 3 - 8\" long, less than 1/8\" wide, stiff, pointed at the tip, somewhat narrowed at the base, stalkless, with 3 - 5 obscure veins.  Submersed leaves may be reduced to bladeless stalks, round to elliptic in cross-section, which can disintegrate by fruiting time.  Fruit is a dry seed (achene), the flowering spikes forming densely packed seed heads, green to greenish-brown when mature.","Also called broad-leaved pondweed, floating-leaf pondweed."]
[null,"X","Field Sowthistle","Sonchus arvensis (Asteraceae - Aster, Daisy, Sunflower, Composite Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height:  2 - 4'.  Habitat:  part shade, sun; moist, disturbed soil; along shores, roadsides, ditches, fields.  Loose branching clusters of bright yellow, dandelion-like flowers bloom July - October, each up to 2\" wide, at the ends of slender stalks. Individual plants produce numerous flowers over the growing season, rarely are more than a few blooming at any given moment; some branches are producing seedheads while buds are just developing on others. New flowering stalks will also emerge from lower stem leaf axils as the plant matures and older stalks stop flowering and wither away. Bracts and flower stalks are either densely covered in glandular hairs (glands are the tips of hairs) or gland-dotted (glands without hairs) depending on the subspecies.  Leaves have soft, spiny toothed edges that may be wavy, are hairless, mostly with small rounded lobes at the base that clasp the stem. Lower leaves are up to 2\" wide and to 12\" long and are somewhat variable in shape, having shallow or deep rounded lobes, occasionally unlobed. They tend to be crowded on the stem.  Leaves rapidly shrink in size as they ascend the stem. Upper leaves are generally unlobed and widely spaced on the stem, though most leaves are confined to the lower half of the plant. Stems are erect, unbranched except in the flowers, lined or weakly grooved, and hairless below the flowers.  Fruit is dandelion-like plume of dark brown seeds with pure white hairs to carry them off in the wind.","Also called Perennial Sowthistle"]
["X","X","Flowering Rush","Butomus umbellatus  (Butomaceae -Flowering Rush Family)","INVASIVE","Height: 3 - 4'.  Habitat:  Shorelines, marshes, lakes and streams.  Flowering rush is an emergent with a slender, erect, smooth stem that rises above the leaves.  The leaves can be emerged, floating, or submersed.  Numerous flowers arise on slender stalks on a terminal cluster.  They are pink with three sepals and three petals.   ","Listed as RESTRICTED in Wisconsin NR40"]
["X",null,"Fox Sedge","Carex vulpinoidea  (Cyperaceae -Sedge Family)","NATIVE","Height: 12 - 40\".  Habitat:  Wet open sites. Fox sedge is a perennial with an erect, slender stem with a whitish sheath (the lower part of the leaf) that encloses the stem.  Leaves are usually longer that the stem and scale-like on the lower part of the stem.  The perigynium, a papery coating that covers the chambers that produces the seed, are ovate and possess a beak.  ","Also called brown fox sedge, common fox sedge."]
["X",null,"Foxtail Barley","Hordeum jubatum  (Graminae - Grass Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 2'.  Habitat:  Roadsides. Foxtail barley flowers July - August.  Leaf blades are flat and seeds are clustered on a terminal, spike-like panicle. The seeds bear long, silky bristles that resemble a plume.  The bristles are tinged with lavender and soft to the touch. When the seeds mature the bristles turn into barbs thus allowing the seed to cling to things that brush by it.  "]
[null,"X","Garlic Mustard ","Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae - Mustard Family)","INVASIVE","Height:  1 - 4'.  Habitat:  Distrubed ground, trailsides and road edges.  First-year plants have basal leaves that are dark green, heart or kidney-shaped, with scalloped edges and wrinkled appearance. On second-year plants, stem leaves on flowering plants are alternate, triangular, with large teeth and up to 2-3” across. Leaves and stems smell like garlic when crushed.  Small, white, 4-petaled flowers are abundant and blooms throughout the spring on second year plants.   Seed pods are 1 - 2 1/2\" long slender capsules (siliques) green in color, drying to pale brown.  Inside, seeds are small, shiny black and arranged in a single row.  Plants can be recognized in late summer and fall with dry, papery brown, erect seedpods atop dead stalks.  Seeds remain viable in the soil for at least seven years.  White slender taproots are “S”-shaped at the top. ","Listed as RESTRICTED in Wisconsin NR40."]
["X","X","Giant Bur-reed","Sparganium eurycarpum  Sparganiaceae (Bur-reed Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 2'.   Habitat:  Ponds and lakeshores, shallow water, and wet substrates. Bur-reed is an emergent plant flowering June - July.  It has an erect stem with wide leaves that are strongly keeled so they feel like a flat triangle in cross-section. The flowers are ball-shaped. The female (staminate) flowers are above the male flowers (pistillate). Flowers have zigzag branches and the female heads form bur-like green masses of seed-like fruit when mature.  "]
[null,"X","Giant Goldenrod","Solidago gigantea (Asteraceae - Sunflower, Daisy, Aster, Composite Family)","NATIVE","Height:  2 - 6'.  Habitat:  sun; average to moist soil; open meadows, fields, woodland edges, roadsides, marshes, swamps, along streams and rivers.  Branching clusters of numerous small, stalked, yellow flower heads at the top of the plant August - October.  Cluster shape is variable but usually pyramidal with arching branches, sometimes more erect and plume-like, and with up to 1200+ flower heads or as few as 40 heads on smaller plants. Flowers are about ¼\" across with usually 9 - 15 petals (ray flowers) surrounding a center disc with usually 7 - 12 disc flowers.  Leaves are all alternate without a basal rosette, strongly 3-nerved, 2½ - 6½\" long, ½ - 1¾\" wide, lance-elliptic and broadest near the middle, tapering to a sharp point at the tip and tapering to a stalkless base.  Edges are serrated to coarsely toothed with long, sharp teeth, though the uppermost leaves may be toothless or nearly so.  Leaves are largest around mid-stem, not much smaller above, and lower stem leaves often withered away by flowering time.  Stems are erect and rigid, hairless and smooth throughout except minutely hairy in the flower clusters, and often reddish, with or without a whitish waxy bloom. Insect galls are common on the lower half of the stem. Stems are single to many in a group from underground creeping rhizomes, often forming colonies.  Fruit is a tiny dry brown cone-shaped seed (achene) with a tuft of whitish hairs attached at the tip to carry it off in the wind."]
["X","X","Giant Ragweed","Ambrosia trifida  (Asteraceae - Aster, Daisy, Composite, Sunflower Family)","NATIVE","Height: 2 - 5'.  Habitat:  Roadsides, disturbed ground, and fields. Flowers July - September.  Both the stem and the leaves are rough and hairy.  Leaves are opposite, toothed and palmately lobed in threes or fives with basal leaves more prominently lobed.  Small green flowers are clustered together on a terminal spike.  The fruit becomes brown and possess a beak.  ","Also called wild hemp, kinghead, and tall ambrosia, "]
[null,"X","Giant St. John' s Wort","Hypericum ascyron, syn. Hypericum pyramidatum (Hypericaccae - St. Johns-wort Family)","NATIVE","Height: 2-5'.  Habitat:  Moist woods, openings, streambanks.  Five-petaled yellow flowers, 1 1/2 - 2 1/2\" wide, bloom July - August. Solitary flowers appear at the ends of upper branches.  Robust, erect plant branching near the top.","Also called Great St. John's wort."]
["X","X","Glossy Buckthorn","Rhamnus frangula  (Rhamnaceae -Buckthorn Family)","INVASIVE","Height: Up to 18 - 25'.  Habitat:  Wetland habitats and areas disturbed by power lines and ditches.  Shiny, oblong leaves with wavy margins are freely distinguished from the fine toothed leaves of the common buckthorn. Twigs lack spines or thorns but are often hairy. Bark is ash to gray colored.  It is not as widespread as the common buckthorn but is becoming more common due to its seed distribution by birds.  ","Listed as RESTRICTED in Wisconsin NR40."]
["X","X","Goldenrod spp.","Solidago spp.  (Asteraceae (Sunflower Aster, Composite, Daisy Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 6\" - 7'.  Habitat:  Open woods, meadows, and shorelines. Goldenrod blooms late July - early October.  Bright yellow flowers vary from plume-like to flat topped or branched.  Large basal leaves become smaller near the top of the plant.  Many goldenrod species look alike and are difficult to differentiate. Goldenrods often have galls, which do not harm the plant. The galls provide a home for insects, which winter over in the plant. ","Most goldenrods on Terrell's Island are Canada goldenrod, which can become weedy.  There are a few other goldenrods present occasionally."]
[null,"X","Green Ash","Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Oleaceae - Olive Family)","NATIVE","Height:  Up to 80'.  Softly pyramidal in youth, this deciduous tree develops an upright, spreading habit at maturity. Crown shape ranges from irregular and somewhat unsightly to a symetrical, round-topped silhouette.  Leaves up to 8+\" long, divided into 5 - 9 leaflets with smooth to slightly toothed margins and pointed tips.  Deep-green summer foliage turns yellow in fall. Flowers small, in clusters, male and female on separate trees.  Fruits in conspicuous clusters, dry, winged, resembling a paddle with a rounded or pointed blade, wing extending alongside the seed halfway or more to the base.","Like all ash trees, the green ahes on Terrell's Island will likely succumb to Emerald Ash borer."]
["X","X","Green Bulrush","Scirpus atrovirens (Cyperaceae - Sedge Family)","NATIVE","Height:  3 - 5'.  Habitat:  Part shade, sun; wet; lakes, ponds, sloughs, wet ditches, wet fields, marshes, swamps.  Stiff spikes, open or compact branching cluster at the top of the stem, occasionally also arising from the uppermost leaf axil, the main branches up to 4\" long and radiate in all directions from a central point, usually with short, divergent branchlets at each branch tip.  At the tip of each branchlet is a hemispheric to round head of 4 - 110 stalkless spikelets (flower clusters). Spikelets are approx. 1/4' long, oval to egg-shaped, blunt at the tip, gray-green to yellowish-green when young, turning dark rusty to blackish-brown or blackish-green, with the florets spirally arranged.  Often, bulblets form on one or more branches and sprout late in the season.  At the base of the cluster are three or more leaf-like bracts, green at the base though may be blackish or spotted reddish-brown along the edge.  Bracts at the base of auxiliary branches are more scale-like.  Five to eleven leaves are alternately arranged along the stem, 8 - 20\" long and ¾\" wide.  Lower leaf sheaths are green to light brown with many conspicuous cross-partitions that give them a polka-dotted appearance. Stems are single or a few from the base, erect, smooth and three-sided in cross-section with rounded angles.  Plants form loose clumps from short rhizomes.  Fruit develops in early to mid-summer, the mature achenes (seeds) dropping off individually and the scales soon after, leaving behind naked branchlets. ","Also called Dark Green Bulrush"]
["X",null,"Great Water Dock","Rumex britannica  Polygonaceae -Buckwheat Family)","NATIVE","Height: 3 - 6'.  Habitat:  Marshes, along streambanks, and shorelines. Great water dock has a stiff, erect, branching stem. Leaves are long, lance-shaped, and crinkled or finely toothed at the margins. Leaves are often prominently tinged with red, stalked, and become smaller toward the top of the stem. Small, green flowers are densely clustered on terminal spikes off the main branches.  "]
["X",null,"Hairy Aster","Aster pilosus  (Asteraceae - Aster, Composite, Daisy, Sunflower Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 5'.  Habitat:  Dry prairies and disturbed ground. Blooms August - November. Flowers heads are about 1/2\" wide with white ray flowers surrounding a small yellow disk flower.  Flower heads are scattered on side branches and upper stem.  Lower leaves are lance-shaped reaching 4\" and often wither before the plant blooms. Upper leaves are dense and needle-like. This aster is highly branched and has a bushy appearance.  ","Also called frost aster."]
["X",null,"Hardstem Bulrush","Scirpus acutus  (Cyperaceae - Sedge Family)","NATIVE","Height: 3 - 6'.  Habitat:  Marshes, lakes, and streams in shallow to deep water up to 5'.  Prefers non-stagnant conditions where water circulates freely among its root system.  Hardstem bulrush is an emergent plant flowering June - September. The stems are cylindrical and dark green.  Spikelets are oval to cylindrical and number one to many. They have a specialized leaf that looks like a continuation of the stem. The nutlets have whitish-brown scales with red dots on the back. "]
[null,"X","Heal-All","Prunella vulgaris (Lamiacaea - Mint Family)","NATIVE","Height:  1 - 20\".  Habitat:  disturbed sites, moist fields, lawns, pastures and along woodland edges.  This low, perennial is easily recognized by its erect, many-flowered spikes and associated, overlapping, hairy bracts.  The square stem has dense, cylindrical, terminal spikes of purple flowers.  Leaves are opposite, stalked, lance-shaped to oval.  Lower leaves are wider with a more rounded base.  Blooms June - October.","Also called self-heal."]
["X","X","Hedge Bindweed","Calystegia sepium  (Convolvulaceae -Morning Glory Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height:  Vine, creeping to 10'.  Habitat: disturbed ground, thickets, moist soil along water, and wet meadows.  Hedge bindweed flowers from July through August.  The trailing or climbing stems are either smooth, or hairy and bare alternate leaves.  Leaves are arrow-shaped or triangular with a heart-shaped base.  The individual, morning glory-like flowers arise in the leaf axils with two large leafy bracts. The five petals are fused together and have two rounded stigmas.  ","Terrell's Island hosts both Hedge Bindweed and Field Bindweed.  Both are prevalent on the breakwall trail, but compete with other invasive and native plants.  "]
["X",null,"Hedge Mustard","Sisymbrium officinale  (Brassicaceae - Mustard Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 1 - 3'.  Habitat: Disturbed areas. Hedge mustard is a winter or summer annual that flowers May - October. The bristly-haired stems are erect with spreading branches and alternate, deeply lobed and toothed leaves. Both surfaces of the leaves also have bristly hairs.  Pale yellow flowers are clustered on elongated, terminal spikes. Flowers are small with four petals and six stamens. Seeds are contained in long pods that are hairy, linear, and tightly pressed against the stem. ","Also called hedgeweed."]
["X",null,"Horseweed","Conyza canadensis  (Asteraceae -(Sunflower, Composite, Daisy, Aster Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 6'.  Habitat:  Disturbed areas with bare soil such as mismanaged pastures and hayfields; also waste places and roadsides.  Horseweed flowers July - October. Tiny white flowers appear on an extensively branched flower cluster (inflorescence). An erect, hairy stem holds narrow, slightly toothed, alternate leaves. The stem is very leafy with leaves 1 - 4\" long the entire length of the stem. This plant quickly invades disturbed areas often forming dense patches.  "]
["X","X","Indian Hemp","Apocynum cannabinum  (Plantain Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 5'.  Habitat:  Meadows, shores, and roadsides.  Clusters of greenish-white bell-shaped flowers appear at the top of branching stems late June - August.  Stems are erect and have a woody base. The sap is a milky juice like that of common milkweed. The ovate leaves are opposite and somewhat erect with smooth edges.  Pods are narrow and curved with a tuft of soft silky hairs at one end.  ","Other common names include dogbane, amy root, hemp dogbane, prairie dogbane, Indian hemp, rheumatism root, or wild cotton."]
["X","X","Ironweed","Veronia fasciculata  (Asteraceae -(Sunflower, Composite, Daisy, Aster Family)","NATIVE","Height: 2 - 6'.  Habitat:  Moist areas along streams, lakes, and wetlands. Deep purple loosely clustered disk flowers appear July - September.  The name refers to its hard, sturdy stem.  Alternate leaves are lance-shaped and hairy growing to lengths of 10\". "]
[null,"X","Jerusalem Artichoke","Helianthus tuberosa (Asteraceae - Aster, Daisy, Copmposite, Sunflower Family)","NATIVE","Height:  3-10'.  Habitat:  part shade, sun; moist fields, thickets, edges of woods.  Three to fifteen bright yellow flowers appear at the top of the plant in August and September.  Flowers are up to 3½ inches across made up of 10 to 20 yellow rays (petals) and yellow-orange disk flowers in the center.  The center disk forms a head of dry seed, each about ¼\" long and without a tuft of hairs, but with two bristly scales at the tip.  Leaves are up to 10\" long and to 5\" wide, gradually tapering to a point at the tip and abruptly narrowed near the base, on stalks from ¾ to 3\" long that are often winged.  Leaf edges are serrated to nearly toothless, the lower leaf surface is hairy and the upper rough textured.  Attachment is opposite but may be alternate near the top of the plant. The stem is green or reddish and covered with stiff hairs, giving it a rough feel.  Underground tubers appear late in the season and are edible.","."]
["X","X","Jewelweed","Impatiens capensis  (Balsaminaceae - Touch-me-not Family)","NATIVE","Height: 2 - 6'.  Habitat:  wet meadows, streambanks.  From July - September orange or yellow flowers with reddish-brown spots arise in pairs at the leaf axils. They have a tail-like spur and an open mouth.  Stems are smooth, succulent and translucent. Thin, stalked leaves are alternate, egg-shaped, and have coarsely toothed margins.  When the fruit is mature it resembles a swollen capsule and when handled it explodes, expelling the seeds.  ","Also called spotted touch-me-not and snapweed."]
["X","X","Joe-pye Weed","Eupatorium maculatum  (Asteraceae Composite, Daisy, Aster, Sunflower Family)","NATIVE","Height: 2 - 7'.  Habitat:  Damp areas along streambanks, and shallow marshes.  Pinkish, purple disk flowers, approximately 1/3\" wide, are found in clusters 4 - 5 1/2\" wide July - September.  A tall, sturdy stem holds leaves in whorls of three to seven.  The stem is often reddish or purple at joints or spotted the entire length.  Leaves are lance-shaped and coarsely toothed. "]
["X","X","Kentucky Bluegrass","Poa pratensis  (Poaceae - Grass Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 1 - 3'  Habitat:  Pastures, prairies, roadsides, and waste areas.  Kentucky bluegrass is an abundant perennial that flowers April - July. It has a dark green appearance with leafy shoot and is rhizomatous (a creeping underground stem). The ligule, where sheath and leaf blade join, has prominent membranous tissue. Seeds are displayed on a purple to white open panicle, which resembles a pyramid. The panicle closes somewhat after flowering.  ","Despite its name, Kentucky bluegrass is not native to Kentucky or the United States.  It was brought to the New World from Spain."]
["X",null,"Lady Fern","Athyrium filix-femina  (Polypodiaceae - Fern Family)","NATIVE","Height: Up to 3' .  Habitat:  Marshes, along stream banks, and moist soils.  Lady fern is a large, lacey cut plant that grows in circular clusters. Young leaves emerge from a thick, creeping root as fiddleheads (a tightly curled new leaf). The broad leaves are pinnately compound into about twenty four slightly alternate leaflets. They are lance-shaped, and taper to a point that can be drooping.  Each pinnae, one of the main divisions of a pinnately compound leaf, are also cut into about twelve pairs of leaflets that are toothed.  Spores are produced on the underside of the leaflets and are oval, dark brown, and clustered mainly in the central portion of the leaflets.  "]
["X",null,"Leafy Pondweed","Potamogeton foliosus  (Potamogetonaceae - Pondweed Family)","NATIVE","Height:  Submerged.  Habitat:  Shallow water of clear ponds and streams, and soft sediments. Can be found in water up to 3' or more.  Leafy pondweed emerges from a rhizome (a creeping underground stem). It is a highly branching submergent with leaves that are thin and tape-like. All the leaves are submersed.  Leafy pondweed has an appendage at the base of the leaf stalk, called a stipule.  At maturity they are free from the leaves but are wrapped around the stem when young.  Flowers are produced of small spikes in the axils of the leaves and the fruit is longitudinally ridged.  "]
["X","X","Long-leaf Pondweed","Potamogeton nodosus  (Potamogetonaceae - Pondweed Family)","NATIVE","Height:  Submerged, up to 6'.  Habitat:  Flowing waters, up to 3' deep; tolerant of turbid water conditions.  Long-leaf pondweed emerges from a rhizome, a creeping underground stem.  This pondweed has both submerged and emergent leaves, with long stalks that float on the surface of the water.  Both are lance-shaped and taper to a point on the stalk. T hey possess stipules which is an appendage at the base of the leaf stalk.  Flowers are densely arranged on a spike that emerges above the surface.  "]
["X",null,"Marsh Aster","Symphyotrichum lanceolatum  (Asteraceae - Composite, Aster, Daisy, Sunflower Family)","NATIVE","Height: 2 - 5'.   Habitat:  Common wetland aster found in fresh meadows, sedge meadows, and wet prairies.  Flowers July - November with numerous white ray flowers surround a yellow disk flower. Flowers heads are 3/4 - 1\" in diameter and form loose clusters.  Lance-shaped leaves are 3 - 6\" near the base of the plant and much smaller near the top. Leaves are slightly toothed. Stems are woody.  "]
["X",null,"Marsh Bellflower","Campanula aparinoides  (Campanulaceae - Bluebell Family)","NATIVE","Height:  6\" - 3'   Habitat:  Wet meadows and streambanks. White to blue bell-shaped flowers appear June - August.  Weak, branching stems are rough and clinging.  Leaves are narrow and are also rough on the margins and midrib. ","Also called slender bellflower and bedstraw bellflower."]
[null,"X","Marsh Bristlegrass","Setaria parviflora (Poeceae - Grass Family)","NATIVE","Height:  1 - 3'.  Habitat:  Moist soils.  Perennial grass with small, knotty rhizomes.  Whitish green leaf blades are up to 10\" long and under 2\" wide.   The Inflorescence is a compact, spikelike panicle 3 -4 \" long.  Surrounding each spikelet are up to 12 yellow or purple bristles. The bristles stay on the stalk after the seeds drop away.","Also called knot-root bristlegrass, bristly foxtail, yellow bristlegrass."]
["X","X","Marsh Hedge Nettle","Stachys palustris  (Lamiaceae - Mint Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 3'.  Habitat:  Wet meadow, prairies, shores, and wet ground. Flowers July - September. Erect, square stems with stiff hairs. Leaves are opposite, stalked or stalkless, toothed, and also covered with stiff hairs. Lavender flowers are whorled on a spike and are two-lipped.  The lower lip is spotted.   ","Also called marsh woundwort."]
["X","Not present","Marsh Marigold","Caltha palustris  (Ranunculaceae - Buttercup Family )","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 2'.  Habitat:  Swamps, marshes, and wet meadows; along stream banks and brooks.   Flowers April - May. The flower is golden yellow with a very smooth, almost waxy, appearance.  Marsh marigolds have 5 - 9 petal-like sepals and many stamens and pistils. Stems are hollow and the dark green leaves are kidney-shaped, entire, or toothed.  ","Also called cowslip."]
["X","X","Marsh Skullcap","Scutellaria galericulata (Laminacea -Mint Family)","NATIVE","Height: 6 - 32\"   Habitat:  Shores, marshes, and wet meadows . Flowers from June - September.  Skullcap grows in patches, with square erect stems.  It has opposite, lanceolate, simple leaves that are slightly scalloped at the edges.  Solitary five-parted blue flowers marked with white occur in the leaf axils. Flowers are two-lipped with a raised crest on the upper lip of the flower.  Leaves are opposite, barely stalked, usually about twice as long as wide.","Also called skullcap, blue skullcap, hooded skullcap."]
[null,"X","Michigan Lily","Liliam michiganense (Liliaceae - Lily Family)","NATIVE","Height:  3 - 6'.  Habitat:  part shade, sun; moist fields, bogs, along shores, edges of woods.  Blooms July - August with 1 - 8 nodding flowers in a whorl at the top of the plant, each flower at the end of a long naked stalk.  Flowers are 2½ - 3\" across with six petal-like tepals that are pale to deep reddish orange fading to more yellowish at the base, with many purplish brown spots. Tepals strongly curve back towards the flower base. Six long brown-tipped stamens and a long whitish style extend from the flower throat and flare out. The tips of the stamens (anthers) are up to ½\" long.  Leaves are blade-like, up to 5\" long and ¾ - 1\" wide, tapering to a point at the tip, with obvious parallel veins. They whorl around the stem in groups of 5 - 9, but there are usually smaller leaves alternately attached at the top of the stem. The main stem is round and smooth."]
["X",null,"Monkey Flower","Mimulus ringens  (Scrophulariaceae  -Snapdragon Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 3'   Habitat:  Wet meadows, along streams, and moist woods.  Flowers from July - September.  It has a smooth, four-sided, branching stem. Opposite leaves are lance-shaped, sharply toothed, and clasp the stem.  Violet-blue flowers are two-lipped and arise in the axils of leaves.  The upper lip has two lobes and the lower has three. There are two yellow spots on the inside, near the flower's white throat.  The flower resembles a grinning face.  "]
["X","X","Motherwort","Leonurus cardiaca  (Lamiaceae - Mint Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 18 - 60\".  Habitat:  Disturbed areas; sun or shade. Flowers June - August with small, fuzzy lavender flowers, clustered around a square stem. Flowers have five spiny sepals.  The upper lip of the corolla has two lobes and hangs over the three-lobed lower lip.  Leaves are palmate and have three distinct lobes with the upper leaves being smaller and not as deeply lobed.  The calyx persists through winter and turns brown and quite stiff when dry, the lobes becoming rather sharp to the touch. Inside are 4 1-seeded nutlets.  "]
["X",null,"Mouse-ear Hawkweed","Hieracium pilosella  (Asteraceae - Daisy, Composite, Aster, Sunflower Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 3 - 12'.  Habitat:  Pastures, fields, and roadsides. Flowers June - September with yellow ray flowers and bracts that surround the flower head. Bracts are covered with black hairs.  Basal leaves are oblong with stiff hairs and have a white underside. The flowers give rise to small, feather-like seeds when mature. "]
[null,"X","Nannyberry","Virburnum lentago  (Viburnaceae - Viburnum Family)","NATIVE","Height:  10-20'.  Upright shrub or single-stem tree with drooping branches and a rounded crown.  Full sun on edges of woods.  Shiny green crinkled leaves with reddish purple fall color.  Creamy white 3-5\" clusters of white flowers in May.  Yellow-green berrylike fruits turn dark purple in fall and persist into winter"]
[null,"X","Nodding Beggarticks","Bidens cernua  (Asteraceae - Aster, Daisy, Composite, Sunflower Family)","NATIVE","Height:  Up to 40\"  Habitat:  part shade, sun; swamps, fens, shores.  Numerous yellow flowerheads bloom August - October and  nod increasingly as plants mature.  Grows in moist clay, loam and sand on banks of lakes and ponds in part shade.  May form large colonies but is often scattered.  Flowers are 1 - 2\" across, eight oval yellow ray flowers (petals) with a point or notch at the tip, and a dull orange center. The petals may not all be the same length and occasionally are absent altogether.  Each flower is at the end of a stalk that arises from a leaf axil.  Each plant has a few to many flowers.   Leaves are narrow, up to 6\" long and 1\" wide, tapering to a pointed tip, hairless, with toothed edges and no leaf stalk, clasping the stem.  Attachment is opposite, the bases of the leaf pairs nearly joined around the stem.  Stems are hairless or sparsely hairy and may be green or reddish purple.  Seeds are hard and dark brown, four-angled with downward pointing hairs along the angles and  four barbed awns that attach the seed to anything that brushes against it.  ","Also called Bur Marigold, Nodding Bur Marigold, Nodding Burmarigold, Nodding Burr-marigold, Sticktight"]
[null,"X","Norwegian Cinquefoil","Potentilla norvegica (Roseceae - Rose Family)","NATIVE","Height:  1 - 3'. Habitat:  part shade, sun; fields, roadsides, waste areas, disturbed soil.  Blooms June - August with one to a few flowers at the top of the plant and at the end of branching stems in the upper plant. Individual flowers are yellow, 1/3 - ½\" across with five oval to somewhat heart-shaped petals, and many yellow-tipped stamens surrounding the yellow center. The five green, sharply pointed sepals are longer than the petals.  Leaves are compound in threes and become progressively smaller as they ascend the stem.  Leaves near the base of the plant have stalks up to 4\" long; those near the top of the plant have little or no stalk.  Leaflets are up to 3\" long and 1½\" wide with a rounded tip, tapering at the base, and coarse teeth. The end leaflets may be lobed in 2 - 3 parts, especially on lower leaves, but the lateral leaflets are not typically lobed.  At the base of the leaf stalk is a pair of leafy appendages (stipules) each up to 1\" long, usually with several narrow, sharply pointed lobes or teeth.  Leaves and stems are both densely covered in long hairs. A plant may have multiple stems emerging from the base.  Stems are rough, often tinged red, may be erect or sprawling on the ground with the branches rising at the tip (decumbent).","Also called rough cinquefoil."]
["X","X","Oak spp.","Quercus  spp. (Beech Family)","NATIVE","Height: 60 - 100'.  Habitat: Open sunny areas.  Leaves of oak trees are alternate with either rounded lobes or spiny, pointed lobes which turn brilliant orange to red during autumn. The fruit of the oak is an acorn, which matures in one year (White Oak) or two years (Red Oak).  Bark is dark and scaly or furrowed.  Oaks hybridize frequently making it difficult to distinguish between species. ","Bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) is the only oak identified in 2022.  Oak trees are the single most important provider of food for wildlife in the United States, supporting well over 300 species, more than any other tree or plant."]
["X","X","Obedient Plant","Physostegia virginiana (Mint family)","NATIVE","Height:  1 - 4 '. Habitat:  part shade, sun; moist soil, along streams, wet fields.   Blooms August - September with tall spikse up to 10\" long at the top of the stem, often with shorter, lateral spikes and arising from the uppermost leaf axils. Flowers are tubular, about 1\" long, pink to purple or occasionally white. The lower lip has three lobes; the middle is broadest and has dark pinkish purple spots on the inside. four purple-tipped stamens arc against the wide upper lip. The hairless calyx is tubular and has five sharply pointed triangular lobes.  Flowers bloom from the bottom of the spike up.  Leaves are up to 5\" long and 1½ \" wide, lance-elliptic or widest just above the middle, hairless, sharply toothed with pointed tips. The lowest leaves are short-stalked and wither away early; upper leaves are stalkless. Stems are square, hairless, and somewhat swollen at the leaf nodes. Plants can create colonies from spreading rhizomes.  The calyx persists and holds 4 1-seeded nutlets.\n\n","The name \"obedient\" comes from the fact that the stems remain in place wherever they are pushed."]
[null,"X","Pale Smartweed","Persicaria lapathifolia (Polygonaceae - Buckwheat Family)","NATIVE","Height:  2 - 6'  Habitat:  part shade, sun; moist; ditches, floodplains, waste areas, fields, shorelines.  Blooms July - September with densely packed, nodding spike-like racemes, typically 2 - 4\" long (or longer!) and about ½\" in diameter, mostly at the tips of stems, sometimes in upper leaf axils of branches. Flowers are greenish white to pink, 1/8\" with 4 or 5 tepals (petals and similar sepals) that barely open, and nearly stalkless. Leaves are alternate, lance-like, up to 8 inches long and to 2\" wide, widest near the base with a rounded taper to the short stalk, and a long, even taper to a sharp tip.  Sometimes there is a dark blotch on the upper surface but usually not, the stalk up to 5/8\" long.  Edges are toothless but have short, cilia-like hairs.  Surfaces have inconspicuous translucent pits (punctate), are smooth or with matted, woolly hairs especially underneath or along the main veins, particularly when young.  Fruit is a smooth, dry seed about 1/8\" long, brown to black, shiny or dull, usually disc shaped.","Also called nodding smartweed and curlytop knotweed."]
["X",null,"Paper Birch","Betula papyrifera  (Betulaceae - Birch Family)","NATIVE","Height: Up to 80'.  Habitat:  well-drained sandy or rocky loams in part shade. Alternate, oval leaves of the paper birch are 2 - 3\" long with double toothed edges. The tassel-like fruit is approximately 2\" with the male (pistallate) and female (staminate) flowers in separate clusters. Bark on young trees is brown and becomes white with age that peels in long narrow horizontal strips. Base of the trunk is black and cracked.  Paper birch is a rapidly growing, short-lived tree which often forming extensive forests.  ","Also called American white birch, canoe birch."]
["X","X","Peat Moss","Sphagnum spp.   (Sphagnaceae - Sphagnum Moss Family)","NATIVE","Height: Low, sprawling plant. Habitat: Cool ponds and bogs. There are numerous species of peat moss and about twenty occur in the Great Lakes Region. Peat moss forms green, sometimes purplish-red, mats along the edge or over the surface of the water. The moss helps to keep the environment around them acidic due to the organic acids they produce.  They hold several times their weight in water because of their many holes in the walls of the leaves.  "]
["X",null,"Pepper Grass","Lepidium virginicum  (Brassicaceae  -Mustard Family)","NATIVE","Height: 6 - 24\".  Habitat:  Roadsides and waste places; usually in full sun. Peppergrass, flowers June - October with small, white to green flowers that arise on an elongated terminal cluster.  It has an erect, branching stem with tiny hairs.  Basal leaves are oblong to lanceolate, pinnately-lobed, and toothed.  It is common that the basal leaves are not present on the mature plant.  Stem leaves are unstalked and lanceolate with either toothed or untoothed margins.  Flowers have four petals and two stamens. The fruit, when mature, are round, flat pods that are notched at the top. The pods have a peppery taste.  ","Also called poor-man's pepper and Virginia pepperweed, "]
["X",null,"Perennial Ryegrass","Lolium perenne  (Poaceae - Grass Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 1 - 3'.  Habitat:  Roadsides, lawns, and waste areas.  Perennial ryegrass has an erect stem and hairless leaf blades. The ligule, where sheath and leaf blade join, is membranous and curves around the stem in opposite directions.  One tissue curves up, the other curves down. The seeds occur on a terminal spike and are arranged alternately along the stem.  Each spikelet has six to ten individual flowers and one basal bract. The bristles can be present, or absent.  "]
["X","X","Phragmites","Phragmites ausralis  (Poaceae - Grass Family)","INVASIVE","Height: 3 - 12''  Habitat:  Prevalent in deep and shallow marshes, fresh (wet) and sedge meadows, fens, bogs, and along lakeshores.  This is an emergent plant flowering July - September. Stems are very smooth and cane-like. Leaves are rough, flat, and broad 2 - 3\" wide and have a blue-green appearance. Flowers are large and become feathery or plume-like in fall because the spikelets have long silky hairs.  ","Also called giant reed grass.  Wisconsin NR 40 lists phragmites as RESTRICTED in the  eastern part of the state and PROHIBITED in western Wisconsin."]
[null,"X","Pickerelweed","Pondeteria cordata  (Pondeteriaceae   - Water Hyacinth Family)","NATIVE","Emergent plant with height up to three feet tall.  Each plant produces one spike of small flowers and has long, heart-shaped leaves. The flower stem rises above the leaves except one leaf that grows behind the flowers. The deep blue to mauve flowers are on a spike about 6\" long and bloom in succession from the bottom up, prolonging the flowering period for several days.  This emergent aquatic, with its leaves and flowers above water and portions of the stem under water, is found typically in shallow, quiet water from ankle deep to several feet deep."]
["X","X","Pineapple Weed","Matricaria matricarioides  (Asteraceae (Aster, Sunflower, Daisy, Composite Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 18\".  Habitat:  Disturbed ground.  Pineapple weed flowers May - September with greenish-yellow flowers that are rounded to conical and composed of only disk flowers.  One to several heads are produced at the end of the stem. This bushy, branching plant has a smooth, hairless stem. Pinnately compound leaves are alternate and finely divided.  hen the leaves are crushed the scent resembles the smell of pineapples. ","While not technically native to Wisconsin, pineapple weed is native to the Pacific Northwest."]
["X","X","Poison Ivy","Toxicodendron radicans  Anacardiaceae - Cashew or Sumac Family)","NATIVE","Height: 6 - 12\".  Habitat:  Open wooded areas, fields, and waste areas with moist soils.  Poison ivy leaves are always in groups of three with separate stalks attached to the top of a single stem.  However, the leaves can range from being smooth-edged to lobed and from shiny to dull.  Leaves also vary greatly in size. The plant can also be a low growing plant (most often found in Wisconsin), a climbing vine or an upright shrub.  The leaves are a lighter green in spring and early summer changing to a deeper green and then a orange-red in late summer and fall.  After the leaves fall, clusters of grayish white berries are revealed. Birds eat the berries without harmful effect, but humans should stay clear.  All parts of the poison ivy plant hold an oil that causes itching and a rash, which can be quite severe for some people. Because poison ivy is often difficult to identify, it is wise to follow the rule: leaves of three, let it be.  "]
["X",null,"Prairie Cordgrass","Spartina pectinata  (Poaceae -Grass Family)","NATIVE","Height: 3 - 6'.  Habitat:  Wet prairies, shores, and marshes.  A perennial that flowers July - September.  The entire plant is coarse and tough.  An erect stem arises from a mass of rhizomes (creeping underground stems that are scaly). The ligule, where the leaf blade and sheath join, has a short membranous tissue. Seeds arise on one side of a branching panicle (flower cluster with a main axis that is divided into branches). This gives the spikelet a comb-like appearance.  Panicles can be green to purple.  ","Also called prairie cordgrass, freshwater cordgrass, tall marshgrass, and sloughgrass. "]
[null,"X","Prairie Dock","Silphium terebinthinaceum (Asteracae - Aster, Daisy, Composite,Sunflower Family)","NATIVE","Height:  3 - 10'.  Habitat:  full sun, moderately moist to wet soils, prairies, in sandy, loamy soil.  Showy long-lasting bright yellow flowers rise on tall, slender stems July - September above clumps of huge, heart-shaped leaves. ","Also called prairie rosinweed, basal-leaved rosinweed"]
[null,"X","Prairie Willow","Salix humilis (Salicaceae - Willow Family)","NATIVE","Height:  1 - 10'.  Habitat:  sun; average to dry sandy or gravelly soil; prairies, savannas, dunes, bluffs, rock outcrops.  Leaves are alternate, 1 - 3½\" long, to 1\"+ wide, 2 1/2 - 6 times as long as wide, sometimes narrowly oblong-elliptic but mostly widest above the middle or near the tip, rounded to pointed at the tip, wedge-shaped to somewhat rounded at the base, mostly toothless, the edges often rolled under (revolute) and sometimes also a bit wavy. The upper surface is medium to dark green, hairless to variously hairy and at least somewhat glossy, the lower surface pale blue-green to nearly white from a dense covering of woolly hairs, sometimes becoming hairless or nearly so with age. New leaves are yellowish to green, covered in woolly white or gray hairs sometimes also with a few rust-colored hairs. A network of veins is fairly distinct, the main veins most prominent and curved upward from the midvein. New branchlets are densely short-hairy and greenish-brown, yellowish-brown or red-brown, becoming brown the second year and the hairs sometimes persisting to the third year.  Male and female flowers are on separate plants (dioecious) in spike-like clusters (catkins) from buds along one year old branches, emerging before the leaves. Male catkins are oval to nearly round, ¼ - 1¼\"+ long, the flowers densely to somewhat loosely packed, each flower with two stamens, the tips (anthers) orange, yellow, purple or brown.  Female catkins are 1/3 - 1¾+\" long, the flowers crowded on the spike, bulbous at the base with a long beak, densely covered in woolly hairs, and on slender stalks. At the base of each male and female flower stalk is a tiny, dark brown, black or bi-color, scale-like bract densely covered in long straight or wavy hairs.  Stems are multiple, slender with smooth to slightly rough, gray to greenish-brown bark.  Fruit is a capsule less than 1/2\" long, yellowish to reddish when mature, covered in woolly hairs, pear-shaped to narrowly conical with a long, straight to slightly curved beak. The capsule splits into two halves when mature, releasing the cottony seed; this happens before leaves are fully mature."]
["X",null,"Prairie Wedgegrass","Sphenopholis obtusata  (Poaceae - Grass Family)","NATIVE","Height: 10 - 40\".  Habitat: Sandy ground.  Prairie wedgegrass is a perennial that flowers May - August.  It has an erect stem that appears succulent. Flowers are located on a dense panicle, a flower cluster with a main axis that is divided into branches, that is cylindrical and somewhat spreading when in flower.  A distinctive feature is the shape of the glumes (a pair of small, modified leaves at the base of a flower cluster). The second glume is twice as long as its folded width.  "]
[null,"X","Prickly Ash","Zanthoxylum americanum (Rutaceae - Rue Family)","NATIVE","Height:  4 - 10', thicket forming shrub or small tree found in clearings, open woods and woodland edges on wet or dry soils.  It has a slightly pyramidal, upright shape with a rounded crown.  Paired prickles flank the leaf scars and buds.  Leaves are 3 - 10\",  compound, 5 - 11 toothed egg-shaped leaflets with prickly leafstalks.  Flowers are small, green, clustered and bloom in April and May.  Fruit are small, dry, red-brown, 1 - 2 seed pods that produce from August to October.  Crushing the foliage emits a distinct lemon scent.","Also called northern prickly ash, common prickly ash, toothache tree.  Found on Terrell's Island mostly along the Schoolhouse Trail, with a few on the Breakwall Trail. "]
["X","X","Purple Loosestrife","Lythrum salicaria  (Lythraceae - Loosestrife Family)","INVASIVE","Height: 3 - 6'.  Habitat:  Deep and shallow marshes, flood plains, shores of lakes and streams, and roadside ditches.  Purple loosestrife is an aggressive invading plant that flowers June - September.  Woody-like square stems, may or may not be hairy.  Leaves are 1 1/4 - 4\" long, lanceolate and either opposite or whorled.  They may also be sessile or clasping the stem.  Flowers compose a purple, elongated spike with six petals each.   ","Listed as RESTRICTED in Wisconsin NR40.  In the early 2000s, Galerucella pusilla beetles were raised and released in the Terrell's Island area by both BDMCC and Winnebago County Master Gardener Association.  The beetles continue to thrive and have kept purple loosestrife in balance with the many other invasive plants on Terrell's Island."]
[null,"X","Pussy Willow","Salix discolor (Salicaceae - Willow Family)","NATIVE","Height:  10 - 20'.  10 - 15' wide.  Habitat:  Wet soils of shores, swamps and wetlands in full sun.  Shrub or small tree with multiple trunks and an irregular crown.  Narrow shiny green leaves turn yellowish in fall.  One-inch silvery-gray catkins appear before the leaves in April.  Twigs are reddish-purple to dark brown.  "]
["X",null,"Quackgrass","Elytrigia repens  (Poaceae - Grass Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: Up to 4 1/2'.  Habitat:  Waste places and roadsides. Quackgrass is an erect perennial that flowers June - August.  Leaf blades are hairy or smooth on the upper surface and smooth underneath. The sheaths, lower part of leaf that encloses the stem, are smooth and can have short hairs at the base. There is a short membranous appendage at the point where the sheath and blade join. At this juncture there is a small projecting lobe that is clasping the stem.  Seeds are arranged in two rows along the center of a spike with four to six on each spikelet. These spikelets usually possess a moderately long bristle.  ","Also called couchgrass"]
["X","X","Quaking Aspen","Populus tremuloides  (Salicaceae - Willow Family)","NATIVE","Height: Up to 20 - 60'.   Habitat:  Prefers wet, moist acidic soils in disturbed areas.  Alternate, toothed leaves of the quaking aspen are heart shaped to nearly circular reaching 3\" in diameter. Leaves are dark green on top and silvery underneath and attached by a flattened stem.  Bark is greenish-white to cream-colored with black patches becoming furrowed with age.  Leaves shake in the slightest breeze giving the tree its name.  Quaking aspen is a fast growing, short-lived tree.  "]
["X","X","Queen Anne's Lace","Daucus carota  (Apiaceae - Parsley Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 1 - 5'.  Habitat:  Disturbed areas with dry soil.  Queen Anne's lace flowers June - September with a 3  -5\" flat-topped cluster of tiny white flowers atop a single stem.  The cluster's center flower is purple.  After flowers have gone to seed, bristly bracts curl inward to form somewhat of a bird's nest that holds the seeds. The 2 - 8\" leaves are divided and fern-like. ","Also called wild carrot because the leaves, stem, and root smell and taste like a carrot.  "]
["X",null,"Red Maple","Acer rubrum  (Aceraceae - Maple Family)","NATIVE","Height: Up to 75 - 80'.  Habitat:  Moist, swampy areas and disturbed uplands.   Leaves are 2 - 6\" across with 3 - 5 coarsely toothed lobes and a reddish leaf stalk. Leaves turn scarlet in fall.  Twigs are red while the bark of mature trees is gray and smooth becoming furrowed with age. Single winged 8/10\" seeds, are attached in pairs at their stem and drop May - July.  ","Also called swamp maple."]
["X","X","Red Osier Dogwood","Cornus stolonifera  (Cornaceae - Dogwood Family)","NATIVE","Height: 3 - 6'.  Habitat:  Shores, thickets, marshes, and wetlands.  Red osier dogwood is a deciduous shrub that is in flower May - August.  It has flat clusters, 3/4 - 2\" wide, of small white flowers with four petals. The mature fruit is a cluster of white berries. Smooth twigs are deep red to reddish brown.  Leaves are opposite, ovate, and 2 - 4\" long.  They are pale underneath with a curving vein.  "]
[null,"X","Redtop","Agrostis gigantea (Poaceae - Grass Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height:  1 - 4'.  Habitat:  Open woodland, hedgerows, roadsides, waste grounds. ","Also called black bent, bent couch, fioriin"]
["X","X","Reed Canary Grass","Phalaris arundinaceae  (Poaceae -Grass Family)","INVASIVE","Height: Up to 4.5'.  Habitat:  Disturbed wetlands, meadows, and swamps.  Reed canary grass is an aggressive perennial with flowers produced by August.  The stem is a blue-green and can be branching.  Leaf blades are flat, rough, and lack hairs. The sheaths, lower part of leaf that encloses the stem, are also hairless. There is a prominent papery appendage where the sheath and leaf blade join (ligule).  Seeds are clustered on a branching panicle, which is a pale, straw color. The seeds themselves are yellow to brown with a tuft of hair at the base.  It forms dense, persistent monospecific stands in wetlands, moist meadows, and riparian areas that outcompete desirable native plants.  ","Reed canary grass is so prevalentin Wisconsin that the DNR has declined to list it in the invasive species rule as there is no chance of control."]
[null,"X","Ripgut","Sporobolus michauxianus (Poaceae - Grass Family)","NATIVE","Height:  Up to 10'.  Habitat:  wetlands in full or partial sun.  Hard hollow stems.  Vigorous rhizomes (underground stems) may spread 10' yearly to form dense stands.  "]
["X","X","River Bulrush","Scirpus fluviatilis  (Cyperaceae -(Sedge Family)","NATIVE","Height: Up to 6'.  Habitat:  Banks of rivers, lakes, and streams; deep and shallow marshes.  River bulrush is an emergent herb that flowers  July - September.  Leafy stems are sharply triangular that emerge from thick, tuber producing rhizomes. The leaves are m-shaped in cross section. Spikelets arise at the end of the stem surrounded by leaves with some stalked and others stalkless.  The nutlets are three-angled with a beak and six bristles at the base.  River bulrush is a valuable food source and provides good protection for shorelines.  "]
["X",null,"Riverbank Grape","Vitis riparia  (Vitaceae - Grape Family)","NATIVE","Height: Climbing vine.  Habitat: Common along riverbanks and shorelines, wooded and shrub swamps, along fences and upland woods. Riverbank grape is a woody vine that bears black, berry-like fruit when mature.  Tendrils are present and when the bark is mature it peels. Leaves are simple, opposite, and rotund.  The leaves are sharply serrated and most commonly have three forward-pointing lobes.  ","Also called wild grape."]
["X",null,"Ryegrass","Lolium spp.   (Poaceae - Grass Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 1 - 3'.   Habitat:  Along roadsides and open areas.   The lemma, two modified leaves that enclose the flower, may or may not have a bristle, also called an awn.  Ryegrass can also have different sized spikelets (a flower cluster that consists of one to many flowers and small, specialized leaves).  It is most common that the awned lemmas have smaller spikelets.  "]
["X",null,"Sago Pondweed","Potamogenton pectinatus  (Potamogentonaceae - Pondweed Family)","NATIVE","Height: Submerged.  Habitat: Lakes, ponds, streams, and water 3-6' deep. Bushy perennial in flower June - September. Its highly branching stem emerges from a slender rhizome (a creeping underground stem). Leaves are slender resembling a pine needle and grow like that of a fan.  The stipules, an appendage at the base of the leaf stalk, are fused in a sheath-like manner to the leaves.  Flowers arise in whorls on a stalk and when the fruit is mature it displays a beak.   "]
["X","X","Sandbar Willow","Salix interior (Salicaseae - Willow Family)","NATIVE","Height: 3 - 10', sometimes to 20'.  Habitat:  Wet soils, riverbanks, and sandbars, can withstand water levels ranging from drier soils to highly saturated and submersed soils.  Sandbar willow is an erect, thicket-forming shrub.  Leaves are pointed and about ten times longer than they are wide. They are linear, irregularly toothed and can be hairy or hairless.  Bark is grayish becoming smooth with younger branches.  Twigs are reddish or yellow-brown.  Flowering in spring, the flowers (catkins) are 1 1/4 - 3\"  long.  Fruit is a capsule that is usually hairy and matures in early summer. "]
[null,"X","Sawthooth Sunflower","Helianthus grosseserratus  (Asteraceae - Aster, Sunflower, Daisy, Composite Family)","NATIVE","Height:  2 - 10'.  Habitat:  sun; moist fields, prairies, ditches, roadsides.  Yellow flowers are at the end of branching stems at the top of the plant. Individual flowers are 2½ - 4\" across with 10 - 20 ray flowers (petals) and yellow center disk flowers.  Leaves are up to 8\" long and 2½\"  wide, coarsely toothed, pointed at the tip, tapering at the base, on a stalk up to 1½\"  long.  The texture is rough.  Leaves are mostly oppositely attached but are alternate in the upper part of the plant; they tend to fold up along the center vein, and may be arching. The stem is hairless and green or purplish with a white bloom.  The center disk forms a head of dry seed each about 1/8\" long and without a tuft of hair, but with two somewhat bristly scales at the top."]
["X","X","Sedge spp.","Carex spp.   (Cyperaceae - Sedge Family)","NATIVE","Height: Up to 2'.  Habitat:  Wetlands; moist and muddy soils, permanently saturated soils, usually on hummocks or elevated strips along marsh edges.. Sedge is a grass-like plant with solid, triangular stems. The leaves are three-ranked, parallel veined, and have closed sheaths (a leaf surrounding the stem). Other sedge species have no leaves present. The male and female flowers are separated and arranged in dense, terminal clusters. Flowers lack petals and stamens.  Fruit are arranged in nutlets that are three-angled and may or may not have bristles.  Many species of sedges, including bottlebrush sedge (Carex comosa), fox sedge (Carex vulpinoidea), stalk-grain sedge (Carex stipata), and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus, Cyperus engelmanni), are located throughout Terrell Island in the transition area between flooded soils and drier soils.   ","Other sedges found on Terrell's Island in 2022 include upright sedge, longhair sedge, Pennsylvania sedge and Northwest Territory sedge."]
[null,"X","Siberian Elm","Ulmus pumila (Ulmaceae - Elm Family)","INVASIVE","Height:  50 - 70'.  Habitat:  roadsides, pastures and grasslands, stream banks and prairies. Bark is gray-brown bark with furrows at maturity.  Twigs and leaves are nearly hairless, with black hairs on the bud scales.  Insignificant small reddish flowers appear in spring before the foliage emerges. Flowers give way to single-seeded wafer-like samaras (each tiny seed is surrounded by a flattened circular papery wing). Seeds mature in April - May as the leaves reach full size. Elliptic to oblong leaves (to 2-3” long) are smooth dark green above and glabrous beneath, with acuminate tips, serrate margins and nearly symetrical bases. Leaves typically turn an undistinguished dull yellow in fall.","Listed as RESTRICTED in Wisconsin NR40.  Also called littleleaf elm, dwarf elm."]
["X","X","Sensitive Fern","Onoclea sensibilis  (Onocleaceae  -Sensitive Fern Family)","NATIVE","Height: Sterile leaves, 2'; Fertile leaves, 1'.  Habitat:  Marshes; lake, stream, and pond shores. Sensitive ferns form colonies.  The stalk is longer than the leaves, yellowish-brown, and thickened at the base. There are two types of fronds, sterile and fertile leaves. Sterile fronds are leathery, light green, and have slightly alternate simple leaves. The leaflets are smooth on the surface but hairy underneath.  Edges are wavy and deeply pinnated with veins depressed in net form.  Fertile fronds are dark brown and compact with many short branches. This frond is present throughout the winter.  The spores are encased in beadlike divisions on the leaflets. New sensitive ferns emerge as red fiddleheads in the spring.  ","Also called bead fern."]
["X","X","Silky Dogwood","Cornus amomum  (Cornaceae -Dogwood Family)","NATIVE","Height: 3 - 9'.   Habitat:  Along streams and adjacent to swamps . The opposite, elliptic leaves of the silky dogwood reach 2 1/2 - 5\" in length.  Lateral veins appear on the leaves in four to six pairs.  Twigs are purplish and slightly hairy.  White flowers are present May - July followed with a berry fruit that is bluish-white when immature and dark blue when mature.  "]
["X","X","Silver Maple","Acer saccharinum  (Aceraceae - Maple Family)","NATIVE","Height: 60 - 80'.   Habitat:  Moist bottomlands and dry slopes.  Leaves are 6 - 7\" and are deeply five-lobed and coarsely toothed along the margins. Leaves are green on top and silvery on the bottom.  The bark of immature trees is gray and smooth becoming flaky with age causing a shaggy appearance.  Short-stemmed greenish-yellow flowers appear in early spring followed by 1 1/2 - 2\" paired fruit with widely spread wings.  The silver maple's widespread crown has brittle branches, which break easily in high winds. ","Also called swamp maple, soft maple."]
["X",null,"Slender Rush","Uncus tenuis  (Juncaceae - Rush Family)","NATIVE","Height: 4 - 32\".  Habitat : Meadows and exposed moist soil such as farmed wetlands. Grass-like plant with basal leaves that reach 1/3 - 1/2 the stem height.  Terminal flower heads are composed of star-like flowers with three petals and three sepals all the same color and size which surround a capsule with several minute seeds.  A small number of leaves surpass the flower head by .3 - 3\". The upper leaves are not a continuation of the stem.  ","Also called poverty rush, path rush"]
[null,"X","Smallspike False Nettle","Boehmeria cylindrica  (Urticaceae - Nettle Family)","NATIVE","Height:  16 - 40\".  Habitat:  part shade, sun; wet fields, swamps, along shores, moist thickets.  Minute green to whitish flowers bloom July to September and are in spikes 2 - 4\" long that arise from the leaf axils in the upper part of the plant, a pair of spikes for each pair of leaves. The spikes tend to curve upward. There are separate male and female flowers, sometimes on separate plants. The flowers may be crowded on the spike, or spread out in clumps. A few small leaves are often clustered at the tip of the spike.  Leaves are broadly oval to egg-shaped, to 6\" long and 3\" wide, coarsely toothed, hairless, have a rounded base, taper to a sharp point at the tip, and a long stalk. There are three main veins radiating from the base, usually with a few additional prominent veins on the tip half of the leaf. Color is often bright or yellowish green. Attachment is opposite, with each pair at right angles to the pair below it. The stem is smooth and four-sided, with rounded angles. Fruits are small oval dry seeds sparsely to densely covered with hooked and straight hairs, that ripen to dark brown."]
["X","X","Smooth Brome","Bromus inermis  (Poaceae - Grass Family)","INVASIVE","Height: 20 - 40\".  Habitat:  roadsides, ditches, and moist areas. Smooth brome is a perennial that flowers June - August.  It has an erect stem that arises from rhizomes (a creeping underground stem). The flowers are clustered on an erect, branching panicle that is purple to brown in color. A distinctive characteristic of smooth brome is the awnless or short awned lemmas.  ","Not regulated by Wisconsin NR40."]
[null,"X","Smooth Sumac","Rhus gabra (Anacardiaceae - Sumac Family)","NATIVE","Height:  3 - 18'.  Habitat:  part shade, sun; dry to average moisture; woodland edges, savannas, prairies, outcrops, along roadsides, railroads, shores.   Flowers June - July with yramidal, branching clusters of short-stalked flowers at the tips of branches, with male and female flowers on separate plants and the clusters of male flowers rather larger than those with female flowers. Flowers are ¼\" across or less with five yellowish to greenish petals. Male flowers are slightly larger than female flowers and have five yellow-tipped stamens; female flowers have a 3-parted style in the center. The calyx cupping the flower has five pointed lobes and is variously hairy, though may become smooth with maturity.  Flower stalks are covered in short hairs. Leaves are alternate, up to 14\" long, compound with 9 - 23 leaflets. Leaflets are generally lance-oblong, 2¼ - 4½\" long, about 1\" wide, shallowly toothed around the edges, with a short taper to a pointed tip, and rounded at the stalkless base. The upper surface is dark green and hairless except along the midvein, the lower is paler in color and smooth. Leaf stalks are hairless, typically reddish and covered in a waxy bloom. Leaves turn bright red in fall.  The female flower clusters form a tight cluster of slightly flattened, short-hairy, berry-like drupes, each less than ¼\" in diameter and containing a single seed. Fruit ripens to deep red and may persist through winter and into the next season."]
["X",null,"Sneezeweed","Helenium autumnale  (Asteraceae (Aster, Daisy, Composite, Sunflower Family)","NATIVE","Height: 2 - 5'.  Habitat:  Swamps and wet meadows; along streambanks.  Sneezeweed is a perennial that flowers August - October.  It has winged stems with alternate leaves. The leaves are flat, toothed, and give the stem the winged appearance by forming extensions.  Daisy-like ray flowers are yellow and drooping with three teeth. The disk flowers form a green to yellow, ball-like center.  "]
["X",null,"Softstem Bulrush","Scirpus validus   (Cyperaceae - Sedge Family)","NATIVE","Height: 3 - 6'.  Habitat:  Common in freshwater marshes, lakes, and streams. Softstem bulrush prefers mucky, more stagnant conditions than its counterpart, hardstem bulrush.  Softstem bulrush is an emergent plant flowering  June - September.  Stems are light green and cylindrical. The stems of this bulrush can be crushed very easily between your fingers. There are many oval-shaped spikelets about  1/10\" - 4\".  This plant has a specialized leaf that looks like a continuation of the stem.  "]
["X","X","Spikerush spp.","Eleocharis spp.   (Cyperaceae - Sedge Family)","NATIVE","Height: Up to 2'.  Habitat:  Wet soils.  Spikerush can be an annual or perennial and grows in clumps. They have round, bright green to olive green grass-like stems and the leaves are reduced to scales.  The tiny, brown flowers are clustered together on a single, oval terminal spikelet.  "]
["X","X","Spatterdock","Nuphar variegata  (Nymphaeaceae -Water Lily Family)","NATIVE","Height:  Floating leaves.  Habitat:  Ponds and quite streams; prefer soft sediment.  Perennial plant.  Yellow flowers with six petal-like sepals are deep red at the base appear June - September.  The petals are reduced to small scales.  It emerges from a thick, spongy rhizome (a creeping underground stem). Leaves are heart-shaped with a v-shaped notch.  Leaves can be floating, emerged, or submerged. ","Also called yellow pond lily, cow-lily, or yellow water lily, "]
["X",null,"Spiny-leaved Sow Thistle","Sonchus asper  (Asteraceae - Daisy, Aster, Composite, Sunflower Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 1 - 6'.  Habitat:  Disturbed ground . Spiny-leaved sow thistle flowers  June - October.  It has an angled smooth stem, which contains a milky juice. Leaves are long, rounded at the base, deeply lobed, and have prickly edges. The all ray flowers are yellow and dandelion- like. They arise at the top of the stem surrounded by bracts at the base of the flower heads. The fruit is white hair-like bristles.  ","Also called prickly sowthistle."]
["X","X","Spotted Knapweed","Centaurea maculosa  (Asteraceae -Aster, Daisy, Composite, Sunflower Family)","INVASIVE","Height: 2 - 3'.  Habitat:  Fields, roadsides, and areas with dry soils.  Flowers June - August with lavender disk flowers that arise as heads at the ends of the stem and main branches.  Flowers are enclosed in a prickly black-tipped bract. The highly branching stem is slender and wiry. Gray-green leaves are alternate and pinnately dissected into many lobes.  Stems and leaves are rough or slightly hairy.  Leaves near the top of the stem are smaller and not as dissected.  ","Listed as RESTRICTED in Wisconsin NR40.  Spotted knapweed is found in large populations along the Terrell's Island breakwall trail and to a lesser extent alongside the Schoolhouse trail. One of the most seriously invasive plants on Terrell's Island.  Also called star-thistle."]
["X",null,"Spotted Spurge","Euphorbia maculata  (Euphorbiaceae - Spurge Family)","NATIVE","Height:  Low, mat forming.  Habitat:  Waste areas, disturbed ground, and fields. Spotted spurge is an annual that flowers  July - September.  Leaves are opposite, oblong, on short stalks with lance-shaped stipules (a pair of appendages at the base of the leaf). The leaves have a maroon spot on the upper surface.  Flowers arise in the axils of the upper leaves.  The flowers are very small and clustered together in a small cup-like structure (involucre). This plant exudes a milky juice when crushed.  "]
["X","X","Spruce spp.","Picea spp.  (Pinaceae - Pine Family)","NATIVE","Height: Up to 30 - 75'.   Habitat: Cool temperatures and moist soils.  Spruce evergreen needles are rigid with a diamond shaped cross section and grow to 1\" long. The needle narrows at the base where it attaches to the twig.  After the needle falls, it leaves a peglike base on the twig causing it to have a lumpy appearance.  Oval shaped cones are pendant (hang down) and remain on branches for several years.  Bark is thin and scaly ranging from gray to reddish brown. "]
["X","X","Staghorn Sumac","Rhus typhina  (Anacardiaceae -Cashew or Sumac Family)","NATIVE","Height: Up to 35 - 40'.  Habitat:  Roadsides, forest openings or low density stands. Usually located on uplands and occasionally along streams and swamps. The deciduous leaves are alternate and pinnately compound reaching 12 - 24\" in length. The 11 - 31 elliptic leaflets are toothed and grow to 2 - 5\" long. Leaflets are dark green on top and pale green underneath; brilliant red in autumn. Greenish-white flowers form a dense panicle at the end of branches with female (staminate) and male (pistillate) flowers on separate plants. Cone-like clusters of red hairy fruit form after the flowers. The thin bark is brown, becoming scaly with age.  "]
["X",null,"Stalk-grain Sedge","Carex stipata  (Cyperaceae - Sedge Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 3' .  Habitat:  shaded to partially shaded marshes, wet ditches and open, wet habitats. Sharp triangular stems. Leaves are m-shaped, coarse, and most frequently, shorter then the stem.  The inflorescence has a prickly appearance.  ","Also called common fox sedge, prickly sedge, spongy sedge, awl-fruited sedge"]
["X",null,"Star Chickweed","Stellaria pubera  (Caryophyllaceae -Pink Family)","NATIVE","Height: 6 - 16\".   Habitat: Woods and rocky slopes. Flowers  May - June with small white flowers, about 1/2\" wide. There are five petals, which are split so they appear to be more than five. Leaves are 1/2\" - 2 1/2\" long, opposite, stalkless, and elliptic.  Stem is erect with two lines of hairs.  "]
["X",null,"Stickseed","Hackelia virginiana  (Boraginaceae -Borage Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 3'.  Habitat:  Disturbed areas and borders of dry woods.  Stickseed flowers  July - September.  Long one-sided flower spikes possess many tiny white flowers.  Alternate, hairy leaves are broad and ovate at the base while stem leaves are lance shaped becoming quite small near the top.  Tiny bur-like fruit, replacing flowers on spikes, is covered with barbs allowing the fruit to become attached to animals for dispersal.  ","Also called beggar's lice, sticktight."]
["X",null,"Stiff Arrowhead","Sagittaria rigida  (Alismataceae - Water Plantain Family)","NATIVE","Height: Up to 20\".  Habitat:  Saturated soils, shallow water along lake and stream edges, marshes, and swamps. Emergent aquatic plant flowers July - August .Slender leaves arise from a rhizome mat.  Leaves at the end of an erect stem, which rise above the water surface, are elliptic becoming wider in shallow water and thinner in deep water.  One stem flowers with male flowers (pistillate) at the top and female flowers (staminate) below with a distinct bend just below the female flowers.  Male flowers have three white petals at the end of a short stalk whereas the female flowers are a stalkless circular cluster of seeds.  "]
["X","X","Stinging Nettle","Urtica dioica  (Urticaceae - Nettle Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 2 - 6'  Habitat:  Dry to wet disturbed ground. Stinging nettle is an herb that flowers  June - September.  It has an erect, square stem with many stinging hairs.  Leaves are stalked, opposite, ovate, and heart-shaped at the base. They also have the stinging hairs. The green flowers are clustered in the leaf axils.  Skin contact with the plant can cause a severe, burning irritation.  "]
[null,"X","Stringy Stonecrop","Sedum sarmentosum (Crassulaceae - Stonecrop Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Mat-forming perennial groundcover with creeping bright yellow-green leaves with branches reaching a width of about 10\".  Branches take root at the nodes so it spreads easily.  Found in full sun and partial shade in well-drained sandy or rocky soils.  ","Found on rocks on the lake side of the breakwall trail.  Also called gold moss sedum, gold moss stonecrop, graveyard moss, star sedum, trailing stonecrop."]
[null,"X","Sulphur Cinquefoil","Potentilla recta (Rosaceae - Rose Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height:  12 - 30\".  Habitat:  sun; fields, prairies, along roads.  Flowers June - August  in loose clusters at the top of the plant and the end of stems branching near the top of the plant.  Individual flowers are about ¾\" across with five pale yellow heart-shaped petals that have a smudge of brighter yellow at the base.  There are numerous yellow stamens with yellowish brown tips surrounding the bright yellow center.  Leaves are palmately compound in groups of 3 - 7; leaves at the base of the plant have long stalks and more leaflets, those near the top are smaller, have three leaflets and are stalkless.  Leaflets are rounded at the tip, tapering at the base, strongly toothed, hairy, up to 3\" long and 1\" wide with the middle leaflet largest. Stems and leaf stalks are covered in long white hairs.  The sepals fold up creating a capsule-like container inside of which are numerous brown seeds."]
["X",null,"Swamp Candle","Lysimachia terrestris  (Primulaceae - Primrose Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 3'.   Habitat:  Wet shores, marshes, and low ground.  Flowers  July - August with yellow flowers clustered on a terminal spike. The flowers have five petals with purple to red streaks or spots at the base. Stems are erect, branching, with opposite leaves.  Leaves are sharply pointed at each end and possess a small, red colored bulb at the leaf axil after having flowered. ","Also called swamp loosestrive, earth loosestrife"]
["X","X","Swamp Milkweed","Asceplias incarnata (Milkweed family)","NATIVE","Height:  1 - 4'.  Habitat:  Swamps, marshes, and wet places.  Showy umbels of rose colored flowers appear June - August.  The erect stem has long, lance-shaped opposite leaves on short leaf stalks.  They can be smooth or hairy underneath.  Leaves turn reddish in fall.  Stems and leaves secrete a milky juice when cut or broken.  Fruit is an elongated, smooth pod that opens on one side.  ","Also called marsh milkweed."]
["X",null,"Swamp Red Currant","Ribes triste  (Grassulariaceae -Current and Gooseberry Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 3'.  Habitat:  Moist woods and swamps. Swamp red currant is a low sprawling shrub blooms May - July.  Light green leaves are roundish and heart-shaped at the base with three to five lobes.  Leaves are toothed and lighter with white hair on the undersurface.  Brown to purple flowers occur in hanging clusters.  Fruit, when mature, are bright red berries that ripen July - September.  "]
[null,"X","Tall Meadow Rue","Thalictrum dasycarpum (Ranunculaceae - Buttercup Family)","NATIVE","Height:  2 - 8'.  Habitat:  part shade, sun; moist soil; edges of woods, thickets, meadows, fens, along shores, wet ditches.  Flowers June - July with male and female flowers  on separate plants. Flowers of both sexes are petal-less and about 1/3\" across, with 4 - 6 greenish-white sepals that may drop off early. The female flowers have about ten thread-like white pistils that resemble petals.  Male flowers have about 12 dangling white to greenish stamens with pale yellow tips that turn brown with age. For both sexes, flowers are in large open to dense branching clusters (panicles) in the upper plant.  Leaves are 3 - 5 times compound in groups of 3 or 5. Leaflets are about 1\" long, asymmetrical at the rounded base, the lateral leaflets stalkless or very short-stalked with the terminal leaflet longer stalked. Most leaflets are shallowly lobed in 2 or 3 parts, with a point at the tip of each lobe. Leaf color is blue-green and leaves are hairy on the underside.  Basal and lower stem leaves are similar and long stalked, uppermost stem leaves are stalkless or nearly so.  The stem is purple to varying degrees and mostly hairless.  The female flowers form clusters of dry seed, each about ¼\"  long, narrowly egg-shaped to elliptical with distinct ribbing and a brown stub of a pistil at the top. Seed dries to dark brown."]
["X",null,"Sweet Everlasting","Gnaphalium obtusifolium  (Asteraceae - Sunflower, Aster, Daisy, Composite Family )","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 2'.  Habitat:  Fields, roadsides, clearings, and edges of woods.  Sweet everlasting has an erect, woolly, branching stem.  Elliptic leaves are also woolly beneath and narrow.  Flowers arise in whitish-yellow clusters. They are composed of small, tubular disk flowers that have bristles. There are bracts under the flower heads that are tinged with white or yellow.  Sweet everlasting has a strong tobacco-like fragrance.  "]
[null,"X","Tartarian Honeysuckle","Lonicera tatarica (Caprifoliaceae - Honeysuckle Family)","INVASIVE","Height:  6 -12'   Dense, multi-stemmed deciduous shrub.  Young stems are slightly hairy and light brown while older stems may have shaggy, peeling bark and are often hollow between the nodes.  Leaves are bluish-green, 1 - 2 1/2\" long, oval to oblong with short, pointed tips.  Flowers are pink to purplish red, sometimes white, very fragrant.  Abundant bright red fruit, paired berries.","Listed as Restricted in Wisconsin NR40.  Also called bush honeysuckle."]
["X",null,"Three-square Bulrush","Scirpus pungens  (Cyperaceae - Sedge Family)","NATIVE","Height: 3 - 4.5'.  Habitat:  Marshes and shorelines. {erennial emergent that  flowers  July - September. Sharply triangular, concave stems emerge from a rhizome (a creeping underground stem).  Leaves arise at the base of the stem forming a sheath.  There is a modified leaf that extends beyond the spikelets (a flower cluster). There can be one to eight reddish-brown spikelets that are stalkless, crowded into an oval-shape, and possess bristles.  "]
["X",null,"Timothy","Phleum pratense  (Poaceae - Grass Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: Up to 3'.   Habitat:  Roadsides and fields. Timothy is a perennial that flowers  June - July. It has an erect, whitish stem that is swollen at the base. Grayish-green leaf blades are hairless and become rough at the base. The sheath, lower part of the leaf that encloses the stem, is hairless and fused around the stem. There is a toothed, membranous appendage at the point where the leaf blade and sheath meet. Seeds are densely clustered on a terminal spike, which is stiff with short bristles.  "]
[null,"X","Upright Carrioniflower","Smilax ecirrhata (Smilacaceae)","NATIVE","Height:  Up to 6' unbranched vine.  Habitat:  Grows in full sun along swamp edges, fencerows, woods and fields in rich soil,  Flowers are green to yellow arranged in 1 - 3 ball-like stalked umbels with fewer than 25 flowers, and found below the main leaves.  Bloom is May - June.   Fruit is initially bright green berries in tight round clusters, later turning very dark purple.  Leaves are widely oval, rounding to a sharp point, heart-shaped base, parallel veins, underside hairy.  ","The name \"carrion\" comes from the unpleasant smell of the flower."]
["X",null,"Venice Mallow","Hibiscus trionum  (Malvaceae - Mallow Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 8 - 20\".  Habitat:  Gravelly and drought soils; common in cultivated areas. Venice mallow is an annual that is in flower July - September. The hairy stem branches near the base and bears alternate leaves. Oblong leaves have3 -5 deep lobes with course or rounded teeth. They are on long stalks and have a pair of appendages at the base called a stipule. Pale yellow flowers are only open for a few hours. They have a purple base with five petals. Seeds are encased in a capsule that resembles an expanded bladder. This bladder contains thirty kidney-shaped, rough black seeds that have star shaped hairs on their surface.  ","Also called flower of an hour and shoofly."]
["X","X","Violet spp.","Viola spp.   (Violaceae - Violet Family)","NATIVE","Height: 3 - 8\".   Habitat:  Wet areas of woods, meadows, and roadsides. Violets bloom April - June with flowers in shades of purple, blue, yellow and white.  Flowers have five petals; four around the top and sides with a longer petal at the bottom.  Leaf shape varies with species but most often is a heart-shaped leaf with smooth toothed margins.  Flowers and leaves are often on separate stalks.  Violet species are difficult to identify because they hybridize easily.   "]
["X","X","Virginia Creeper","Parthenocissus quinquefolia  (Vitaceae Grape - Family)","NATIVE","Height: Climbing and trailing vine.  Habitat:  Moist woods and thickets; common along fences; can tolerate dry to moist soils and thrives in either sun or shade. The woody vine blooms June - August with small green to white flowers that arise in clusters.  Leaves are alternate, palmately compound with 3 - 7 leaflets that are whorled around a long stalk.  The tendrils are opposite of the leaves.  Leaflets are lance-shaped with toothed margins.  Fruits are round, dark blue berries that ripen August - October.  Bright red fall foliage","Also called American ivy and woodbine, "]
[null,"X","Virgnia Waterleaf","Hydrophyllum virginianum (Hydrophylloideae - Waterleaf Family)","NATIVE","Height:  1 - 2 1/2'.    Habitat:  Moist, wet woods.  The broadly oval to triangular leaves are pinnately divided almost to the midrib into 3-7 lobes with acute tips and coarsely toothed margins. The leaves may be solid green but the earliest leaves to emerge will develop white spots to varying degrees that resemble water stains on the upper surface as they age (this doesn’t occur on later leaves). The plants begin to senesce in early summer and disappear later in the year.  Flowers appear in mid-spring to early summer on erect leafless peduncles extending from the upper stems above the leaves. Each peduncle produces a dense terminal spherical cyme about two inches across containing 8-20 flowers. Each small flower has a hairy green calyx, a tubular to bell-shaped corolla with five lobes, five conspicuous protruding hairy stamens with pale yellow tips that turn purplish-brown with age, and a slender style divided at the tip. The blossoms may be white, pink, pale blue or light purple.  Flowers are followed by seed capsules. When ripe the capsules split open to release the small seeds. ","Also called eastern waterleaf, Shawnee salad"]
["X","X","Water Hemlock","Cicuta maculata  (Apiaceae - Carrot, Celery, Parsley Family)","NATIVE","Height: 3 - 6'.  Habitat:  Swamps, wet meadows, and thickets.  Flowers June - September with small white flowers in umbels at the top of stems.  Flowers closely resemble Queen Anne's Lace.  Smooth, erect, branching stems are either streaked or spotted with purple.  Lower leaves are pinnately divided and re-divided into long, sharply toothed leaflets. ","Considered one of the most poisonous plants in the U.S.  The toxin is concentrated in the roots, but other parts of the plant are also poisonous. Death can occur within 15 minutes of consumption.  Also called spotted parsley, spotted cowbane, spotted water hemlock and suicide root by the Iroquois. "]
["X",null,"Water Horsetail","Equisetum fluviatile  (Equisetaceae -Horsetail Family)","NATIVE","Height: Up to 3'.  Habitat:  Shallow ponds and wet ditches.  Erect, branching, hollow stems lack true leaves, but have toothed sheaths at each joint. There are 4 -16 branches at each node (a place on the stem where a leaf is or has been attached). The branches spread in all directions, encircling the stem. There are12 -20 dark and narrow sheath teeth, which are closely and flatly pressed against the stem.  "]
["X","X","Water Parsnip","Sium suave   (Apiaceae - Carrot, Celery, Parsley Family)","NATIVE","Height: 2 - 6'.  Habitat:  Shallow waters, wet meadows, and shorelines.  Flowers July - September with small white flowers that arise in an umbel 2 - 3\" wide at the tops of  stems.  Erect, branching stems are longitudinally ridged.  Leaves are pinnately compound into five or more narrow, sharply toothed leaflets.  Basal leaves are usually submerged and finely divided. "]
["X",null,"Water Plantain","Alisma subcordatum  (Alismataceae - Water Plantain Family)","NATIVE","Height: 0.5 - 3'.  Habitat:  Marshes, streams, and edges of lakes and ponds.  Emergent herb flowers June - October with small white flowers that are highly branched and arranged in whorls.  Flat leaves are elliptical, broad and can be rounded or tapered at the base.  If the leaves are submerged, they are ribbon like and not elliptical.  "]
[null,"X","Water Smartweed","Persicaria punctata (Polygonaceae - Buckwheat Family)","NATIVE","Height:  12 -30\".  Habitat:  part shade, sun; moist to wet; marshes, wet meadows, thickets, fens, lake shores, ponds.  White to greenish 1/8\" long tepals (petals) that barely open appear July - September on slender, loosely spaced, erect to arching racemes, typically 2 - 4+\" long at the tips of upper branches.  Leaves are alternate, narrowly lance to lance-elliptic, up to 6\" long and ¾\" wide, surfaces mostly hairless but covered with pitted dots (punctate) and a few scattered hairs along the lower midvein, the edges smooth except for short cilia-like hairs.  At the base of the leaf stalk is a membranous sheath (ocreae)  that extends up around the branch stem, with pale ribbing and long bristly hairs on its upper edge, falling away with age. Stems are erect to spreading, simple or branching, smooth throughout and swollen just above the leaf nodes.  Fruit is a smooth, shiny, brownish black seed, 3-sided, more or less oblong and about 1/8\" long.","Also called dotted smartweed"]
[null,"X","Wayfaring Tree","Viburnum lantana  (Adoxaceae - Elderberry family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height:  8-15'.  Habitat:   Average well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Actually a multi-stemmed shrub with a dense rounded shape.  Leathery leaves are 2 - 5\" long.  Creamy white 5\" flower clusters consist of many smaller flower clusters.  Fruit is a flattened elliptical drupe about 1/3\" long, green initially then progressing to yellow to orange-red and finally to black.  All the colors are sometimes visible on the same plant.  Each drupe contains an ovoid brown ribbed hard seeds less than 1/4\" wide. ","There is only one wayfaring tree on Terrell's Island on the south side of the Schoolhouse Trail.  While wayfaring tree has the potential to become invasive, this single specimen has not spread."]
["X",null,"Wedgegrass","Sphenopholis spp.   Poaceae (Grass Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 4'.  Habitat:  Sandy soils, woodlands and moist places. Wedgegrasses may be either annual or perennial . Its flower cluster, or inflorescence, can be either dense or spike-like. The spikelets break off below the glume (one of the pair of reduced, modified leaves at the base of the spikelet). The first glume is narrow while the second is noticeably broader.  Flat spikelets can possess awns, a slender bristle of a floret, or they can be awnless.  "]
["X",null,"White Ash","Fraxinus americana  (Oleaceae - Olive Family)","NATIVE","Height: Up to 50 - 80'.  Habitat:  Areas with moist soil such as along streams and lower slopes. Pinnately compound leaves are elliptic, and range from 8 - 12\" long with 5 -13 leaflets.  Leaf margins are smooth are slightly toothed with the top the of the leaf dark green and paler and smooth underneath.  Flowers appear before the leaves and paired fruit with wings remains with the leaves falling in winter.  Twigs are round, smooth and dark green. Mature bark is gray with diamond shaped ridges.  "]
["X",null,"White Avens","Geum canadense  (Rosaceae - Rose Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 3'.  Habitat:  Disturbed ground and dry to medium woods.  Flowers June - August with small five-petaled white flowers.  It has an erect, branching stem that is slightly hairy.  Leaves are sharply toothed with three lobes.  Basal leaves are considerably larger and have two pairs of smaller leaves arranged lower on the stem.  Fruit matures into a small round bur.  White avens closely resembles yellow avens.  "]
["X","X","White Campion","Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae - Pink Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 1 - 3'.  Habitat:  Fields, roadsides, and waste areas. White campion, is a short-lived perennial that flowers July - October.  Hairy stems are highly branching with opposite leaves. Leaves are also hairy, lanceolate, and entire.  Upper leaves are sessile (attached directly the stalk) while the basal leaves have long stalks. The white, sometimes pink, male and female flowers are separate.  Female flowers have five fused petals with twenty veins and five sharp teeth.  Male flowers also have fused petals, but only ten veins and no teeth.  ","Also called bladder campion and white cockle."]
["X","X","White Clover","Trifolium repens  (Fabaceae  - Pea Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: Creeping.  Habitat:  Lawns, fields, and disturbed areas.  White clover flowers  May - October. The creeping plant has mat-forming stems with stalked leaves. The leaves are three-parted, ovate, heart-shaped, and finely toothed.  They arise on a separate stalk.  Flower heads are white or slightly pink . They are pea-like and clustered together to form a head. Flowers are on long stalks and turn brown with age. "]
[null,"X","White Mulberry","Morus alba (Moraceae - Mulberry Family)","INVASIVE","Height:  20 - 50'.  Habitat:  part shade, sun; moist to dry disturbed soil; woodland edges, fencerows, thickets, along streams, railroads.  Flowers May - June with male and female flowers borne separately, usually on different trees (dioecious), in clusters called catkins, a few catkins emerging from buds along 1-year-old branches at about the same time as the leaves. Male catkins are ascending to pendulous in flower, ¾ - 2\" long, green to yellowish, each flower in the cluster with four stamens. Female catkins are erect to ascending and more compact, oval to short-cylindric, to 3/8\" long, each flower with a somewhat flattened, oval green ovary and a whitish to reddish, two-parted style.  Cluster stalks on both male and female catkins are hairy.  Leaves are alternate and simple, unlobed or irregularly 2 - 7-lobed, most lobes with rounded tips, the terminal lobe pointed or with abrupt taper to a pointed tip. The blade is generally egg-shaped in outline, 3 - 4\" long, 1¼ - 3\" wide, on a hairy stalk 1 - 2\" long.  Edges are coarsely toothed often with rounded teeth, the upper surface dark green, usually smooth and somewhat shiny, the lower surface lighter green with sparse hairs along veins or sometimes tufts of hairs in the vein axils.  Three major veins radiate from the base where the stalk meets the blade.  Twigs are reddish to orange-brown with scattered, raised lenticels (pores). New growth is slightly hairy becoming hairless the second year with the lenticels flattening out and turning whitish. Bark is thin and somewhat rough, turning gray to gray-brown with maturity. Twigs and leaves exude a milky sap when cut.  Female catkins become nodding to pendulous fruit clusters, ½ - 1½\" long, resembling elongated raspberries or blackberries. The color of fruit ranges from white to pink to red, usually turning purplish-black when mature but sometimes remaining white.","Listed as RESTRICTED in Wisconsin NR40."]
["X",null,"White Smartweed","Polygonum punctatum  (Polygonaceae - Buckwheat, Smartweed Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 4'.  Habitat:  Marshes, streambanks, and shorelines.  White smartweed flowers  July - September . It has a somewhat erect, branching stem that has a reddish tinge.  The leaves are alternate, lanceolate, and untoothed.  Small white flowers are dotted and loosely clustered on a drooping terminal spike.  "]
["X","X","White Sweet Clover","Melilotus alba (Fabaceae - Legume Family)","INVASIVE","Height: 3  - 8'  Habitat:  Waste places, and along roadsides and trails.  White sweet clover, not a true clover but a legume, flowers May - October.  It is a bushy, tough plant with an erect stem.  Leaves are clover-like, pinnately divided into threes, and are toothed.  The white pea-like flowers are clustered in spikes that arise from the leaf axil.  Plants can each produce up to 350,000 seeds which remain viable in the soil for up to 30 years. .  ","Not currently listed in Wisconsin NR40, although it is extremely invasive on the Terrell's Island breakwall (Kachur) trail."]
[null,"X","White Water Crowfoot","Ranunculus aquatilis (Ranunculaceae - Buttercup Family)","NATIVE","Height:  1 - 6\" above water.  Habitat:  sun; slow streams, ponds, lakes, wet ditches, marshes.  Blooms June - August with a single flower on a long naked stalk arising from a leaf axil.  Flowers are 1/3 - 2/3\" across, have five oval white petals with a spot of yellow at the base, and many yellow stamens surrounding a yellow center that matures to green. Five rounded green sepals behind the flower are much shorter than the petals.  Leaves are finely divided into many thread-like segments, round to fan-shaped in outline, to ¾\" long and about 1\" wide, alternately attached.  Stems and leaves are all submersed and mostly hairless.  The flower center expands to a round to oval seed head, the seeds smooth to roughly hairy and with a beak almost as long as the seed body."]
["X","X","White Water Lily","Nymphaea odorata  (Nymphaeaceae -Water-Lily Family)","NATIVE","Height: Aquatic.  Leaves and flowers float on water surface.   Habitat:  Quiet water, lakes, ponds, and marshes.  Flowers June - September. The shiny green leaves are round and purplish-red underneath. They have a notch and arise on a flexible stalk from a thick rhizome. Fragrant white flowers have many petals that surround yellow stamens.  Flowers emerge individually.  "]
[null,"X","White Willow","Salix alba (Salicaceae - Willow Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height:  50 - 80'.  Habitat:  moist soils in full sun to part shade.  Erect branching forms a broad, loose, open crown.  Bark is yellowish-brown.   Flowering catkins appear on separate male and female trees in May.  Male catkins (to 2” long) are somewhat showy, having tiny flowers with yellowish anthers and two stamens.  Female catkins are smaller and non-showy, with greenish flowers.  Narrow, lanceolate, finely-toothed leaves (to 4” long) are gray-green above and white-silky beneath.  Leaves gradually taper at the bases. Variable fall color is usually a pale yellow, but sometimes appears as a quality yellow.","It is likely that white willow was present on Terrell's Island in 2000, but just not listed."]
["X","X","Wild Celery","Vallisneria americana  (Hydrocharitaceae - Frog's Bit Family)","NATIVE","Height:  Submerged.   Habitat:  Lakes, streams, and deeper water up to several meters; tolerant of turbid water.  Wild celery, also called eel-grass or tape grass, is a perennial that is in flower July - October.  It emerges in a basal rosette from a rhizome (a creeping underground stem). The tips of the leaves trail along the water surface.  Leaves are ribbon-like and can grow up to 6' or more in length.  A distinctive characteristic is a prominent stripe down the center of the leaf blade.  Male and female flowers are produced on separate stalks.  The female, staminate, flowers are on spiral stalks that grow to the surface.  The male, pistillate, flower is also carried to the surface and then released in order to pollinate the female flowers.  Fruit then ripens underneath the surface. Both the leaves and tubers of the wild celery are an important food source for waterfowl.  ","Found outside the breakwall in Lake Butte des Morts."]
[null,"X","Wild Cucumber","Echinocystis lobata (Cucurbitaceae - Gourd Family)","NATIVE","Annual vine with many branching tendrils.  White to cream star-like flowers arranged in a long, erect cluster (raceme) bloom July - September. Leaves have 3-5 sharply triangular lobes.  Fruit is green, 1\" long inflated capsule with soft prickles.  Four seeds in each fruit.  Found in wet to moist streambanks, thickets and roadsides."]
["X","X","Wild Garlic","Allium canadense (Alliaceae - Onion Family)","NATIVE","Height:  1 -2'.  Habitat:  sun; open prairie, open woods, riparian meadows, rocky outcrops.  Rounded flower clusters at the tip of a sturdy, erect stems, are encased by two or three broad, oval bracts that dry to a papery light brown.  The cluster is 1 - 2\" across, typically a mix of small, stalkless bulblets and stalked flowers, though flowers may be absent altogether. The bulblets are about ½\" long, greenish to deep maroon, round and broadest at the base and can be short tapered to a conical tip, or the outer sheath can elongate into a round, leaf-like blade over an inch long.  Occasionally secondary clusters of small bulblets form at the tip of these extensions.  Flowers, when present, are white to pink (typically pale pink), ¼ - ½\" across, on a stalk ½ - 1\" long, with six tepals (3 petals and 3 sepals all similar) and six white to pink stamens surrounding a pale yellowish-green center.  Leaves are grass-like, as long as or shorter than the flowering stem, slender and flat, 1/10 - 2/10\" wide and up to 12\" long, nearly basal but sheathed around the lower 1/3 of the stem. Stems are round and unbranched.  Leaves and stems are hairless and have a strong onion scent, especially when crushed. Underground bulbs are covered in a fibrous mesh.","Also called meadow garlic."]
[null,"X","Wild Geranium","Geranium maculatum (Geraniaceae - Geranium Family)","NATIVE","Height:  12 - 28\".  Habitat:  Full sun to shade, woods, moderate moisture, sandy, loamy soil.  Pink to purple flowers April - June 1 are 1 1/2\" wide, five-parted.  Leaves:  a few, long-stalked basal leaves palmately divided into 5 - 7 lacerated triangular segments and one pair of short-stalked stem leaves. Leaves and stems are both hairy.  Fruit is an erect capsule-like structure to 1½\" long with the persistent sepals around the base. In the center is a slender column divided into five sections, each attached at its base to an oval shaped carpel containing a single seed.  At maturity, the sections split apart from the base along the seams, causing the dried carpels to spring up and eject the seeds away from the mother plant.","Also called cranesbill."]
["X",null,"Wild Millet","Echinochloa spp.   Poaceae (Grass Family)","NATIVE","Height: Up to 5'  Habitat : Streams and lakeshores; wet, sandy, or muddy soils.  Coarse annual grass with spikelets covered with bristles. A spikelet is a flower cluster that consists of one to many flowers and small, specialized leaves. The awns (bristles), are long and either green or purple.  "]
["X","X","Wild Mint","Mentha arvensis  (Lamiaceae - Mint Family)","NATIVE","Height: 6 - 24\".   Habitat:  Moist fields, meadows, and along streams. Flowers July - September.  This herb has a square, erect stem. Leaves are toothed, opposite, lance-shaped, and on short stalks.  Both the stem and leaves are hairy and aromatic.  Flowers are small and faint purple to pink. They occur in clusters, sometimes appearing fuzzy, at the axils of the leaves.  "]
["X","X","Wild Raspberry","Rubus occidentalis.   (Rosaceae -Rose Family)","NATIVE","Height: 2 - 6'.  Habitat:  Along fences and roadsides; open or sunny places.  Wild raspberry, also called brambles or briers, is a woody shrub. The stems are upright, arching, or trailing with prickly hairs. Leaves are alternate, on long stalks, and compound. Flowers have five white petals that produce a red or black berry. This plant provides cover and food for wildlife.  There are many species in this group that are difficult to identify. Wild raspberry is short-lived.  ","Red-berried raspberrries have not been seen on Terrell's Island in recent years."]
["X","X","Wild Rice","Zizania aquatica  (Poaceae - Grass Family)","NATIVE","Height: Up to 6 - 9'.  Habitat:  Deep and shallow water of lakes, ponds, and streams; sometimes on muddy shores.  Wild rice is an emergent annual that flowers  June - September . It emerges from a short root that is easily pulled up.  Flowers arise on a large, highly branched panicle. The female and male flowers are separated on the panicle. The male, pistillate, flowers are on the upper portion of the panicle and the female, staminate, flowers are on the lower portion. The staminate spikelets are red or yellow and the pistillate spikelets have a long bristle on the lemma (two reduced, modified leaves that surround a flower).  ","Small population of wild rice in Terrell's Island marshes.  Varies from year to year."]
["X","X","Wild Rose","Rosa spp.   (Rosaceae - Rose Family)","NATIVE","Height: 6\" - 5' .  Habitat:  Wood clearings, roadsides, and prairies.  Flowers vary in color from white to deep pink.  The five-petaled flowers are 2 - 3\" wide.  Leaves are divided into5 9 toothed oval leaflets.  Several wild rose species are found in Wisconsin, which are distinguished by their thorns ranging from sharp barbs to being nearly thornless. This plant also hybridizes easily making species identification difficult.  Fruit of the wild rose is known as a hip, which is bright red and spherical.  "]
[null,"X","Wild Strawberry","Fragaria virginiana  (Rosaceae - Rose Family)","NATIVE","Height:  4 - 8\".  Habitat:  open woods, savannas and prairies in average to dry soil.  Flowers May - June with clusters of white flowers, usually several blooming at a time and sometimes nodding, at the end of a stem usually shorter than the height of surrounding leaves. Flowers are ½ - ¾\" wide with five round to oval petals, about 20 yellow stamens surrounding a yellowish center, and five sharply pointed sepals as long as or shorter than the petals. Multiple small leaflet-like bracts are often present where the flower stalks diverge at the top of the stem..  Deep green 3-part leaves.  Half-inch red, juicy fruits"]
[null,"X","Wild Yam","Dioscorea villosa (Dioscoreaceae - Yam Family)","NATIVE","Height:  Up to 18' vine.  Perennial, herbacious vine.  Habitat:  part shade, sun; moist to dry, sandy to rocky soil; woods, thickets, fencerows, shorelines.  Dangling clusters of nearly stalkless 1/8\" yellowish to greenish-white flowers arise from leaf axils, with male and female flowers on separate plants. saucer-shaped with 6 tepals (petals and similar sepals). Male clusters are 1 - 12\" long, usually forked or branched, the flowers with six short, yellow stamens and strung along the cluster stalk in groups of 1 - 3.  Female clusters are 1 - 8\" long and unbranched, the flowers single and spaced ¼ - ½\" apart, each flower sitting at the tip of an ovary about 1/3\" long with three broad wings.  Leaves are mostly alternate, though may be whorled or nearly so near the base of the plant, 1 - 5\" long, ¾ - 5\" wide, heart-shaped, sharply pointed at the tip, with 7 - 11 deep veins radiating from the base and a hairless stalk up to 6\" long that may be ridged or narrowly winged, sometimes with a few hairs where the stalk joins the blade. Leaf edges are toothless and sometimes a bit wavy. The upper surface hairless and the lower variously hairy, sometimes hairless or glandular. Color is light to medium green. Stems are little branched, leafy, grooved or narrowly winged, mostly hairless, lack tendrils and twine around other vegetation for support, and spreads by seed or branching rhizomes.  Fruit:  The ovary expands to about 1 inch long as fruit develops, forming a broadly-winged, 3-sectioned capsule, each section containing two seeds, sometimes only one.  The capsule ripens from green to brown in fall."]
[null,"X","Wintercress","Barbarea vulgaris (Brassicaceae - Mustard Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height:  1 - 3'.  Habitat:  part shade, sun; moist fields, edges of woods, along roads, along shores.  Flowers April - June in rounded clusters 1 - 1½\" across at the top of branching stems in the upper plant. Individual flowers are about 1/3\" across, with four yellow petals, six yellow-tipped stamens, a slender style, and four yellow-green sepals. Clusters elongate as the plant matures, with flowers blooming at the tip and fruit forming along the stem below.  Leaves become progressively smaller as they ascend the stem. Near the base of the plant they are deeply lobed with a large rounded lobe at the tip and 1 - 4 pairs of small rounded lobes on the stalk. Basal leaves are up to 6\" long and 2½\"  wide; the edges are often somewhat wavy. Stem leaves typically have a pair of lobes (auricles) at the base of the stalk that clasp the stem.  At the top of the plant leaves are rather smaller and somewhat variable, may be unlobed, wedge shaped to oval or shallowly lobed with little or no stalk. The upper surface of all leaves is dark green and glossy. Attachment is alternate. Stems are branched, hairless, ridged or angled, purplish or green with purple streaks or stripes. Multiple stems arise from the base, forming a clump.  Fruits are slender green pods about 1\" long that typically angle or curve up. The pods hold numerous tiny brown seeds.","Also called yellow rocket,"]
["X",null,"Witchgrass","Panicum capillare (Poaceae - Grass Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 4'.  Habitat:  Roadsides and gardens; dry and wet soils. Witchgrass is an annual with an erect stem that flowers  July - September. Leaf blades are densely hairy on both sides. The sheaths, lower part of leaf that encloses the stem, are also hairy and are purplish at the base. Seeds are arranged in open, branching panicle, which can be up to half the length of the entire plant. The smooth seeds occur individually on the spikelets of the panicle and are green to gray-brown.  "]
["X",null,"Woolgrass","Scirpus cyperinus  (Cyperaceae - Sedge Family)","NATIVE","Height: Up to 6'.  Habitat:  Marshes, ditches, sedge meadows, and bogs. Woolgrass is a perennial with an erect stem.  The stem is smooth and round with about ten stem leaves.  Basal leaves are large and the sheaths, leaves that surround the stem, are brown to green.  Flowers arise on a terminal, spreading cluster of spikelets.  The nutlets, papery structures that surround the reproductive part of the plant, are covered with brown, woolly bristles that give the spikelets a fuzzy appearance.  ","Although not found on Terrell's Island in 2022, woolgrass has been observed on adjacent properties.  Other common names include cottongrass bulrush and brown woolly sedge."]
["X","X","Yarrow","Achillea millefolium  (Asteraceae - Aster, Daisy, Composite, Sunflower Family)","NATIVE","Height: 1 - 3'.   Habitat: Often found in neglected fields, along roadsides, and disturbed areas.  Flowers June - October with a 2 - 2. 1/2\" flat topped cluster of small white, sometimes pinkish, densely packed flowers atop a leafy, hairy stem.  The stalkless, alternate leaves are deeply dissected and fern like.  "]
[null,"X","Yellow Avens","Geum aleppicum (Rosaceae - Rose Family)","NATIVE","Height:  20 - 40\".  Habitat:  part shade, sun; moist soil; meadows, open woods, thickets, swamps.  Flowers June - July with one to a few flowers at the end of branching stems at the top of the plant.  Individual flowers are about ½\" across with five yellow round to oval petals that may have a dull point or a small notch at the tip.  There are numerous yellow-tipped stamens, that turn reddish brown with age, surrounding the greenish center.  The five sharply pointed green sepals under the flower eventually bend back away from the flower.  There are a few to several long stemmed compound basal leaves with a large leaflet at the end and 2 - 6 pairs of small leaflets along the stem.  Leaflets are somewhat variable in shape, from wedge to egg-shaped and may lobed in two or three parts with the lobes broadest at the tip end.  The compound stem leaves are alternately attached; the end leaflet may be divided into 2 or 3 pointed lobes. The end leaflet is to 4½\" long and 3½\" wide. There are two leaf-like appendages (stipules) attached to the main stem at the leaf joint.  Stem leaves near the base of the plant have one or more additional pairs of smaller leaflets.  All leaves are coarsely toothed and bristly hairy.  The main stem is covered in stiff hairs.  Fruit is a dry oval seed; the seedhead is covered in hooks"]
[null,"X","Yellow Flag Iris","Iris psuedacorus (Iridaceae - Iris Family)","INVASIVE","Height:  2 - 3'.  Habitat:  wetlands, forests, bogs, swamps, marshes, lakes, streams and ponds.  Flowers are deep yellow with two or three on one stalk. The flower stalk is round and shorter than the outer leaves. The flowers have three outer drooping sepals, which are yellow with brownish mottled markings, surrounding the true flower, which is also yellow.  Flowers bloom May - July.  Leaves are broad, flat, sword-shaped, stalkless, and have parallel veins. The leaves embrace the flower stalk. The fruit is a capsule containing dozens of smooth, flattened seeds that look like thick coins.Yellow flag iris can produce many seeds that can float from the parent plant, or plants can spread vegetatively via rhizome fragments. Once established, it forms dense clumps or floating mats that can alter wildlife habitat and species diversity.  All parts of this plant are poisonous, which results in lowered wildlife food sources in areas where it dominates.\n","Listed as RESTRICTED in Wisconsin NR40.  Other common names are water flag, European yellow iris, pale-yellow iris."]
["X",null,"Yellow Foxtail","Setaria glauca  (Poaceae - Grass Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: Up to 3'.  Habitat:  Fields, roadsides, and clearings.  Yellow foxtail is an annual with an erect stem that flowers  July - October.  Leaf blades have a longitudinal ridge and long, sparse hairs at the base of the blade.  This foxtail has a fringe of hair where the sheath and blade join together.  The sheath, lower part of leaf that encloses the stem, is a smooth and purplish-red at the base.  Seeds are clustered on a spike that displays many coarse bristles that are yellow at maturity. The seeds themselves are ridged with small, dark markings. Green Foxtail, Setaria viridis, is similar to yellow foxtail, however the leaf blades lack hairs, but are present at the sheath margin. The seed-head is also greener and larger than that of the yellow foxtail.  Giant Foxtail, Setaria faberi, is also similar to yellow foxtail, however the leaf blades have hairs on the upper surface and at the sheath margin. The seedhead is the largest of the three foxtails mentioned and it is purple to green in appearance.  ","Also called golden foxtail and wild millet."]
[null,"X","Yellow Loosestrife","Lysimachia hybrida (Myrsinaceae - subfamily of the Primrose Family.","NATIVE","Height:  1 - 3'.  Habitat:  part shade, sun; wetlands, wet meadows, riverbanks, pond edges.  Bloom July - August with nodding yellow flowers ¾ - 1\" across on slender stalks ¾ - 1½\" long, arising from leaf axils in the upper stem and branches, typically one flower per axil, rarely more. The five petals are nearly round, often with ragged or fringed edges, with a sharp, narrow point at the tip and five lance shaped sepals at the back that are about ¾ as long as the petals. The five stamens have crescent shaped tips that are yellow to light reddish brown and surround a single, slender style in the center. The center is often ringed a light rusty red but not always.  Leaves are opposite, sometimes whorled in 2 or 3 pairs in the upper plant, generally lance to elliptic, 1½ - 3¾:\" long and ½ - ¾\" wide, gently tapered to a dull tip, rounded to wedge-shaped at the base, on a short stalk. The underside is only slightly lighter green than the upper surface."]
["X","X","Yellow Goatsbeard","Tragopogon dubius  (Asteraceae - Aster, Daisy, Composite, Sunflower Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 1 - 3'.  Habitat:  Disturbed areas and roadsides.  A stiff, smooth stem with grass-like leaves holds a single yellow ray flower with green bracts (leaves under the flower) which extend beyond the ray flower from May - August. The ray flower opens in the morning, faces the sun, and often closes by noon. Dandelion-like, spherical seed heads grow to diameters of 5\".","Also called meadow goatsbeard."]
["X",null,"Yellow Nutsedge","Cyperus esculentus  (Cyperaceae Sedge Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 1 - 3'.   Habitat:  Many soil types; usually in damp, or wet soils.  Perennial plant flowers July - September. The triangular, erect stem emerges from a rhizome, a creeping underground stem possessing tubers, a starchy appendage at the end of the rhizome.  Yellow-green leaves are long and grass-like and have parallel veins, which form grooves.  Leaves at the base of the plant form a sheath (a leave that encloses the stem).  Flowers arise in yellow to brown scaly spikelets surrounded by leafy bracts at the top of unbranching stalks.  ","Also called northern nut-grass and yellow nut-grass"]
["X","X","Yellow Sweet Clover","Melilotus officinalis  (Fabaceae - Pea Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Very similar to white sweet clover, except it possess yellow pea-like flowers.  "]
["X","X","Yellow Wood Sorrel","Oxalis stricta  (Oxalidaceae  - Wood Sorrel Family)","ALIEN NOT INVASIVE","Height: 6 - 15\".  Habitat:  Disturbed ground, roadsides, and fields.  Yellow wood sorrel is an erect to trailing plant that flowers June - October.  The sour tasting leaves are clover-like and palmately divided into three heart-shaped leaves.  Yellow flowers have five petals. "]
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["NOTE:  Just because a species isn't indicated in 2000 doesn't mean it wasn't present; merely that it wasn't observed.  The same is true for 2022 unless otherwise noted as definitely not present."]